…fever, hypovolemia, dehydration, anemia, hyperthyroidism and myocarditis are common etiologies. Treatment of the underlying cause should resolve the sinus tachycardia. Sinus arrhythmia Sinus arrhythmia (respiratory…

…severe hypoxaemia below 80 % (1 point), and the intubator not being an anaesthetist (1 point). A score of 3 or more indicates a difficult intubation…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…Hypokalemia is likely to predispose to the pro arrhythmic effects of disopyramide. Structural heart disease also increases the risk of developing arrhythmias during disopyramide treatment…

…Flushing. Tachycardia. Nausea. Hypokalemia. Increased intra ocular pressure in patients with glaucoma. Caution Used cautiously in patients with glaucoma or increased intracranial pressure. Fenoldopam doses…

…in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as hypokalemia, the co administration of multiple QT…

…mg IV. Pamidronate 30 90 mg IV. Causal treatment of the underlying cause. Hypocalcemi Hypocalcemia may arise from various causes, including acute pancreatitis, alkalosis due…

ECG Indications for pacemaker implantation Bradyarrhythmia is the main indication for the implantation of a pacemaker. When considering a permanent pacemaker for bradyarrhythmia, it is…

…of prolonged QTc duration Antiarrhythmics (procainamide, disopyramide, amiodarone, sotalol) Psychiatric medications (tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI, lithium etc) Antibiotics (macrolides, kinolones, atovaquone, klorokine, amantadine, foscarnet, atazanavir) Hypokalemia…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Sotalol is a nonselective beta adrenoceptor blocker devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity that also prolongs cardiac repolarization…

…plasma levels of digoxin in the setting of hypokalemia. Arrhythmias caused by digoxin Digoxin may cause virtually all known arrhythmias. However, none of the ECG…

…a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age, hypokalemia, chronic lung disease…

…precipitation of calcium phosphate. Contraindications Hypokalaemia — must be corrected first or in parallel; otherwise the treatment is ineffective. Hypocalcaemia , symptomatic. Alkalosis increases the binding of…

…90 mmHg. Screening is particularly pertinent in the presence of hypokalaemia or treatment resistance. Hypokalaemia should not be permitted when assessing dietary electrolyte intake, because…

…hypokalaemia), bradycardia, ischaemia, coronary spasm, thrombosis, fever, acute starvation, and dieting. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug induced arrhythmias in patients…

…haemodynamic instability. Digitalis toxicity — a risk of refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Therapeutic digoxin levels, by contrast, are no obstacle. Untreated hypokalaemia or marked electrolyte disturbance; correct…

…cerebrovascular accident at a young age in the patient or family Hypertensive first degree relatives of patients with PA Patients with hypokalaemia may develop weakness…

…Increased risk of ventilatory failure New drowsiness, confusion or agitation Suspect hypoxaemia or hypercapnia Cyanosis or saturation below target despite oxygen Severe impairment of gas…

…each implicated in roughly 10% of cases. Potentially reversible causes of traumatic cardiac arrest ( Salomone et al ): Hypovolemia : Hypovolemic shock is common in both penetrating…

Neurologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Definition and aims of treatment Convulsive status epilepticus in adults is present with: an ongoing generalised tonic clonic seizure lasting at least…

…with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent (<48 hours) use of dipyridamole or dipyridamole…

…level of the umbilicus. The fetus should ideally be delivered within 5 minutes following the maternal cardiac arrest. Within the context of pregnancy, hypovolemia and…

…Hypothyroidism . Hypothermia . Hyperkalemia . ECG example of sinus bradycardia Figure 1 shows sinus bradycardia at a paper speed of 25 mm/s. Figure 1. Sinus bradycardia…

…and postoperative hypoxaemia. Hypoxaemic failure where high flow nasal oxygen is insufficient and the carbon dioxide is normal. Bilevel NIV: Acute exacerbation of COPD with…

Enalaprilat Enalaprilat is rarely used in hypertensive crisis due to its slow onset, prolonged duration of effect, and significant individual variations in its effect. Drug…

…and hyperkalemia. For recurrent symptomatic bradycardia, temporary or permanent pacing may be required. However, transcutaneous pacing in the setting of cardiac arrest has not demonstrated…

…women, respectively, should be considered abnormal. A common cause of abnormally large T waves is hyperkalemia, which results in high, pointed and asymmetric T waves…

…acidosis, and the subsequent development of hyperkalemia. This condition is potentially fatal and necessitates prompt intervention, including sedation and the administration of Dantrolene. References DeBehnke…

…without hypoxaemia is not an indication for oxygen — look for the cause instead. Conditions in which the highest possible oxygen concentration is given irrespective of…

…Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial oxygen supply and demand…

…features or an inadequate response. First line treatment is oxygen in hypoxaemia, repeated doses of an inhaled short acting β2 agonist, ipratropium in more severe…

…hyperkalemia). Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and…

…by limited cardiopulmonary reserve or other adverse comorbidity. The classification of acute PE comprises four clinically useful groups: High risk PE , also termed massive PE…

…Lathundar ECG Criteria for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) The diagnosis of STEMI relies on specific electrocardiographic thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the…

…Hypoxia (hypoxemia) Hyperkalemia. Hyperthermia Increased intracranial pressure Irreversible causes of sinus node dysfunction Age related degenerative disease (fibrosis) Myocardial ischemia/infarction Lesions due to heart…

…hypovolemia, pharmacological substances (alcohol, amphetamine, coffee, anticholinergic drugs, beta adrenergic agonists). In all of these conditions, sinus tachycardia is merely an expression of an underlying…

…symptoms occur at 7 mmol/L or higher. Causes of hyperkalaemia Severe hyperkalemia is usually the result of several interacting factors, such as renal failure…

…breathlessness, hypoxaemia, rales, or respiratory distress. In patients with HFpEF, acute hypertension is a frequent trigger of decompensation and may produce abrupt pulmonary oedema, sometimes…

…insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia, cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, preexisting acidosis, drug overdose, hypothermia, and hyperkalemia. When bradycardia occurs in the context of inflammatory heart disease…

…hypertension, hyperkalemia, myocarditis, and amyloidosis may all cause LAFB. Prognosis of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) Isolated LAFB is considered a benign conduction defect. Roughly…

…Side effects of drugs (diltiazem, verapamil, beta blockers, digitalis). Hypoxia. Myocardial ischemia/infarction. Hyperkalemia. Treatment of sinoatrial arrest/pause Sinus arrest/pause due to increased…

…wave is prominent (such as in hyperkalemia, early repolarization or even early phases of ischemia). To conclude, concave ST segment elevation is atypical of ischemia…