…Step 2 — cautery 1. Suction clear and identify the bleeding point with a nasal speculum and a head lamp. Without a visible source, no cautery…

…A chair with a head rest, preferably an ENT chair; raise the chair to your eye level. A head lamp or another directable light source…

…body temperature water or saline ( 36–37 °C ), a kidney dish, a towel, suction. Manual technique: an operating otoscope or a head lamp with a…

…Petroleum products Lamp oil, petrol, turpentine, lighter fluid Others Cyanide, boric acid, fluoride Preparation and equipment Medicinal charcoal as a ready made suspension or as…

…4 m/s Pronounced PS 64 mmHg 4 m/s Table 3. Normal right heart hemodynamics RVSP/PASP Echo < 36 mm Hg Mean PAP…

…LVEDP and LAP, which in turn results in pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary edema. Table 1. Causes of aortic regurgitation Bicuspid aortic valve Rheumatic heart disease…

…Table 1. Causes of mitral regurgitation Degeneration, prolapse DCM (dilated cardiomyopathy) Ischemic heart disease (coronary heart disease) Rheumatic valve disease Endocarditis Congenital mitral regurgitation Amyloidosis…

…of mitral stenosis, the most common of which are rheumatic heart disease, congenital malformations, radiation complications, metastases, myxoma, cardiac thrombi, etc (Table 1). Most causes…

…hyperthermia is delineated in Table 1 below. Severity Clinical presentation Treatment Mild hyperthermia Thirst. Weakness. Cold environment. Passive cooling. Cold oral fluids. Heat syncope Discomfort…

… wound on without tension Tepid water, plastic gloves, plaster scissors, cast saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk…

…lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure…

…with tremors 32 35°C Moderate hypothermia Impaired consciousness, with or without shivering 28 31°C Severe hypothermia Unconscious, with signs of life <28 °C Very severe…

Info Heart rate (bpm) = 60000 / cycle length Cycle length (ms) = 60000 / heart rate Heart rate (BPM) Cycle length (ms) Heart rate (BPM) Cycle…

…in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements or can do so only at the cost of elevated filling…

…congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by: Symptoms and/or signs…

…of heart failure (HF) in the presence of a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50%, accompanied by objective evidence of structural and/or functional…

…Definition of Heart Failure, endorsed by major global cardiovascular societies, defines HF as a clinical syndrome corroborated by elevated natriuretic peptide levels and/or objective…

…heart failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart…

…heart failure. The rapid advances in the 1970s and 1980s were followed by almost two decades without any major breakthrough in the management of heart…

…fraction (LVEF). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by the combination of symptoms, with or without physical signs, and an LVEF below…

…European Society for Cardiology, 2800 adults per 1 million individuals have congenital heart defects, and half of them have moderate or complicated defects; the remaining…

…35%, sinus rhythm and a resting heart rate ≥70 beats/min, provided that treatment includes an ACE inhibitor or ARNI and an MRA. This recommendation…

…reaching 4%. ECG in takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) 80% of patients have localized ST segment elevations (mostly in the chest leads). The morphology of…

Overview of diagnosis, classification and management of heart failure

…important. Cardiorenal syndrome may develop during acute decompensated heart failure, but worsening renal function does not necessarily indicate reduced cardiac output or impaired renal perfusion…

ECG Introduction to ECG interpretation The electrical axis of the heart Although often ignored, assessment of the electrical axis is an integral part of ECG…

…I and II. Heart axis deviation: right axis deviation (RAD) and left axis deviation (LAD) Causes of right axis deviation Normal in newborns. Right ventricular…

…negative chronotropic effect. Among persons who do not suffer from heart failure, chronotropic incompetence may be caused by beta blockers, amiodarone or digitalis. Sinus node…

…John Warren The remarkable facts, that the paroxysm, or indeed the disease itself, is excited more especially upon walking up hill, and after a meal…

Cardiology Key points Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of…

ECG Video lecture: Assessment of the electrical axis of the heart

…the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth, increased sweating…

…If oral anticoagulation is indicated, NOACs should be chosen except in patients with moderate to severe mitral stenosis or mechanical heart valves; for these patients…

Referensvärden A child's ECG changes continuously with age: the heart rate, the electrical axis and the waveform in the newborn differ markedly from adult…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

…common agent. These streptococci most often originate from the oral cavity and affect heart valves that have some kind of damage, change or degeneration. Endocarditis…

…increase in, for example, pulmonary hypertension or pulmonic stenosis. Heart rate . Synchronicity : Optimal contraction requires the majority of all ventricular myocardium to contract simultaneously. For…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Sinus rhythm: the normal rhythm of the heart A rhythm is defined as three consecutive heartbeats with identical waveforms on the…

Echocardiography Principles of flows and volumes in the heart If the flow in a cylinder is constant, then flow (Q) is the product of the…

…Corrected QT Interval. QTc Calculator Heart Rate QT Interval (in msec) Calculate QTc Values $(document).ready(function() { $(" qtc form").on('submit', function(event…

…Drug Nitroprusside Brand names Nipride ®, Nipride RTU ®, Nitropress ®. Indications Pulmonary edema, congestive heart failure. Angina pectoris. Hypertension, hypertensive crisis/emergency. Pulmonary hypertension…

…acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock can present de novo in pregnant women without pre existing heart disease, such as in peripartum cardiomyopathy, or secondary…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction ECG Posterior (posterolateral) acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) The heart is rotated 30° to the left in the thorax. This positions the…

Echocardiography Cardiac tumors Cardiac tumors are rare. They can occur anywhere in the heart or surrounding tissue. Tumors can be localized in the myocardium, pericardium…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Female Age : 72 years History : heart failure Medications : digoxin, quinidine ECG 1 . The initial beats are…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) constitute a cornerstone in the management of cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD)…

…can increase the sinus rate, there are generally no reliable and safe drugs available for long term heart rate augmentation without undesirable side effects. Drugs…

…threatening clinical syndrome in which increased intrapericardial pressure compresses the heart and impairs ventricular filling. It generally results from accumulation of pericardial fluid, blood, or…

…ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease…

…axis deviation that is greater than or equal to 30 degrees [11]. Additionally, LAD may suggest underlying left heart disease in patients being evaluated for…

Drugs and electrolyte imbalance ECG Digoxin ECG changes: arrhythmias, conduction defects and waveform changes Digoxin may be used in patients with heart failure, atrial fibrillation…

…Commonly, patients with bradycardia have a strong indication for drugs that aggravate or cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers in heart failure). In such scenarios…

…rare condition that may be caused by rheumatic valvular disease, congenital heart disease, Whipple’s disease, or tumors. Rheumatic disease is the most common cause…

…sufficient explanation for all acute dyspnoea in a patient with COPD. Pneumonia, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered …

…by heart is that an arterial line must never be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during…

…in a ventilated patient in sinus rhythm without spontaneous breathing, passive leg raising with an increase in stroke volume 10%, or inferior vena cava variability …

…the IPAP against hypercapnia SpO₂ 88–92% Hypoxaemic failure without hypercapnia CPAP or high flow nasal oxygen 5–10 cmH₂O According to oxygenation requirement SpO₂…

…and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and HHS are dynamic…