…stable patient A venous blood gas is often sufficient as the first sample Precise pCO₂ in suspected ventilatory failure Arterial blood gas Assessment of pO₂…

…Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

…blood flowing through the pulmonary, coronary and cerebral circulation, as well as allowing for gas exchange in the lungs. A large number of experimental and…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…in FEV₁ or FVC of 10 % of the predicted value after a bronchodilator suggests asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure…

…mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to assessment The shock index is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of…

…The first choice where there is a risk of hypercapnia High flow nasal cannula 20–60 L/min 21–100 %, adjustable Humidified and warmed gas…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories and spirometers still use it as a…

…the renal function and the severity of the bleeding 7 Manage antiplatelet drugs according to their indication. Do not routinely stop aspirin given as secondary…

…coagulation (DIC), and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting…

…Under such circumstances, the efficacy of compressions and defibrillation diminishes considerably. Extracorporeal Life Support (ECLS) emerges as the sole therapeutic alternative for such situations. Presently…

…be as precise as cardiac MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) for calculating ejection fraction. References Yancy et al: 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the…

…In cases of traumatic cardiac arrest, addressing reversible etiologies takes precedence over chest compressions. If trauma is not definitively established as the cause of cardiac…

…of the blood gas A normal or rising pCO₂ during an ongoing severe asthma attack is an alarm sign. Early in a severe attack the…

…blood gas before starting and after about 1 hour — without a blood gas the treatment cannot be guided. A decision on the level of care…

…coma may occur Mixed picture of DKA and HHS Overlap is common. Treat as mixed DKA and HHS if the patient has marked hyperosmolality together…

…breathing and circulation. Attach continuous ECG monitoring and pulse oximetry. Measure the blood pressure repeatedly as clinically indicated. Record a 12 lead ECG. Insert at…

…single temperature of 38.3 degrees as the threshold [4,5]. Some Swedish and local care programmes use 38.5 degrees instead. Follow the local…

…gas filled. The site lies about 3–5 cm superior and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine and lateral to the lateral border of…

…0 to 10 min A blood gas with lactate, two sets of blood cultures, and a culture from the likely focus 0 to 15 min…

…overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in older protocols but is no longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate…

…asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in acute airway obstructions)…

…typically serves as a stabilizing intervention. References Debehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to…

…of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is strongly advised. References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Dobler DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas…

…such as MDMA (ecstasy) or amphetamines. In either scenario, there is sustained muscle activation, leading to marked heat generation, acidosis, and the subsequent development of…

…risk of bending or damage during chest compressions. References DeBehnke DJ, Hilander SJ, Doubles DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas…