…stable patient A venous blood gas is often sufficient as the first sample Precise pCO₂ in suspected ventilatory failure Arterial blood gas Assessment of pO₂…

…Lathundar Basic principle Manage the patient, not the list of poisons. Stabilisation according to ABCDE, the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all…

…ventilation–perfusion matching, increased physiological dead space and the Haldane effect. It is therefore misleading to explain the whole phenomenon as abolition of the patie

…blood flowing through the pulmonary, coronary and cerebral circulation, as well as allowing for gas exchange in the lungs. A large number of experimental and…

…other underlying cause immediately. 9. Request ultrasound of the kidneys and urinary tract when a postrenal cause cannot confidently be excluded. 10. Contact nephrology early…

…in FEV₁ or FVC of 10 % of the predicted value after a bronchodilator suggests asthma. Severity in COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure…

…mask the expected tachycardia. Aids to assessment The shock index is calculated as the heart rate divided by the systolic blood pressure. A value of…

…The first choice where there is a risk of hypercapnia High flow nasal cannula 20–60 L/min 21–100 %, adjustable Humidified and warmed gas…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…removed the previous minimum requirement of 6 seconds in adults and 3 seconds in children, but many laboratories and spirometers still use it as a…