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Assessment of Pacemaker Malfunction

…cases of malfunction are associated with the electronics in the pulse generator or dislodgement or fracture of the leads. External causes are less common and…

Reduction of dislocations

…the reduction becomes and the greater the risk of chondral and neurovascular injury. Aim for reduction within a few hours. Contraindications A fracture dislocation requiring…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without a picture, and several of the steps below…

Casting and immobilisation

…dislocation. Immobilisation of a ligament injury, a tendon injury, or after suturing over a joint. Pain relief and stabilisation for transfer in a suspected fracture…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition…

Nasogastric tube

…passages and choose the more patent one. Ask the patient about a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion…

Massive haemorrhage and transfusion: quick reference

…words massive haemorrhage , and state the patient's location and identity, the presumed cause of bleeding, and how the products are to be delivered. 2…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

Procedurer Almost all nosebleeds arise from Kiesselbach's plexus on the anterior septum and stop with correctly performed compression. The reason compression nevertheless so often…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…depression, or untreated severe respiratory failure without the possibility of monitoring. Paralytic ileus and suspected obstructive ileus (an opioid can be given for the pain…

Oesophageal ECG

…of the sternum. The depth is usually around 30–40 cm. Mark the measurement on the electrode. 5. Anaesthetise the pharynx with lidocaine spray and…

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