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Hypertensive Emergency and Urgency: Differentiation and Treatment

…ischemic or intracerebral haemorrhage may coexist with severe hypertension. The decision to lower BP in acute stroke requires attention to the type of stroke and…

Casting and immobilisation

…patient must leave with clear information about the symptoms that should make them seek help immediately. Indications An undisplaced or reduced fracture to be treated…

Delirium in older adults: quick reference

…are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]. The condition is associated with falls, aspiration…

Epistaxis — compression, cautery and anterior nasal packing

…Expand it with 5–10 mL of saline through an intravenous cannula. 4. Tape the drawstring to a gauze pad against the cheek so that…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…distal phalanx with a subungual haematoma — manage it as an open fracture. The anatomy of the nail apparatus The terminology is hard to follow without…

Nasogastric tube

…previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion by laying the tube from the tip of the nose to the…

Opioid therapy in severe pain

…marked hypovolaemia, head injury with impaired consciousness, biliary tract disease. There is no contraindication to analgesia in the acute abdomen . The notion that an opioid…

Peripheral venous cannula and intraosseous access

…a 50 mL syringe with a three way tap — intraosseous flow requires pressure ; gravity is not enough. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL to anaesthetise the marrow…

Reduction of dislocations

…which is often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of…

Urinary catheterisation

…tapering tip A larger catheter is not easier to pass. With a difficult passage it is the shape of the tip and the technique that…

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