…dose on an empty stomach may provide the fastest onset of effect. Do not crush or split the tablet . Warnings and Precautions Bleeding Risk In…

…Recent studies on COVID 19 and cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular implications of COVID 19 have been elucidated in recent studies from China and Italy (1–5…

Cardiology Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

ECG Evaluation and management of stable coronary artery disease Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) Stable coronary artery disease (CAD), frequently referred to as stable angina pectoris…

…linearly with diabetes and carotid atherosclerosis tends to be more advanced than in people without diabetes. Carotid disease is also a marker of systemic cardiovascular…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…of myocardial perfusion imaging Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non invasive technique for detecting and quantifying coronary artery disease (CAD). It offers visual and…

…function declines and as albuminuria increases. When eGFR falls below approximately 60–75 mL/min/1.73 m², the probability of coronary artery disease (CAD…

…ostia. It remains the reference standard for defining the extent of coronary artery disease because it provides anatomical information while permitting functional assessment and, when…

…not specific to left main disease. The examination should nevertheless assess the consequences of extensive myocardial ischaemia, including heart failure, haemodynamic compromise and rhythm disturbance…

…disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation and cardiovascular events. In clinical practice, obesity is conventionally defined by a body mass index (BMI) of…

…over 40 years of age, atherosclerosis is the predominant cause. Other mechanisms include thrombosis, embolism, vasculitis, fibromuscular dysplasia, arterial entrapment, cystic adventitial disease and trauma…

…significant coronary artery disease, potentially resulting in false negative findings. Radiotracers in myocardial perfusion imaging Radiotracers are designed to identify ischemic areas of the myocardium…

…present [5]. Distinguishing Features: Pleuritic pain suggests pulmonary infarction, and a history of pain exacerbation with inspiration, along with a pleural friction rub, helps differentiate…

…aggressive lowering of blood lipids with statins and sophisticated treatments for hypertension. However, coronary artery disease remains the number one killer in most regions worldwide…

…dominant inheritance is predominant in many cardiomyopathies and channelopathies. Nevertheless, apparently sporadic disease may result from: Incomplete penetrance of a variant inherited from a parent…

…most persuasive when the initial probability is high enough that the result meaningfully increases the likelihood of disease and can justify further investigation or treatment…

…testing), and cardiac catheterization. Principles of management of congenital heart disease and GUCH Complex malformations often require intervention (surgical or catheter based intervention). In addition…

…1. Flowchart showing the natural course of coronary artery disease and classification of acute coronary syndromes into STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina using ECG criteria…

…intensity of the physical activity. It is based on the subjective physical sensations experienced during exercise, including increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate and depth…

…lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is needed for management. Cryoglobulinaemia, cold agglutinin disease, cold urticaria. Relative: Basal cell carcinoma and squamous…

…hypertension and atherosclerotic coronary disease In patients with heavy alcohol use, left ventricular dilation may precede the development of increased left ventricular hypertrophy and mass…

…of significant LMCA disease, including acute occlusions, subtotal stenoses, and discusses associated clinical presentations, prognostic implications, and management strategies. In the GRACE ECG substudy of…

…of 1 year survival rate was 7.7% (95% CI 5.8–9.5%). Survival in IHCA Survival in IHCA was 25% in 2006 and…

…large outcome trials have clarified, and in some cases substantially narrowed, the role of revascularization itself in stable coronary artery disease, while a distinct evidence…

…and possible infectious or other non cardiovascular adverse outcomes. Mechanisms of action Colchicine Colchicine appears to exert several anti inflammatory effects relevant to coronary disease…

…disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque through rupture or erosion. The relative contributions of plaque disease and thrombus vary considerably. Thrombotic material may embolize distally and…

…and spotty calcification. However, the concept has important limitations. Although thin capped fibroatheromas may have imaging characteristics associated with rupture, fewer than 5% of such…

…8. Document the ceiling of care and the decision on intubation early. Initial assessment Confirm that the presentation fits an exacerbation A COPD exacerbation is…

…rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation, coronary malperfusion, myocardial ischaemia, heart failure, shock and…

…choice of device therapy and also suggest whether other interventions (e.g. heart failure management, evaluation for coronary artery disease, etc .) are warranted. Management of…

…risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions, including gout, vasculitis, systemic sclerosis, myositis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, SLE and APS…

…coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. The Fourth Universal Definition classifies MI into five distinct subtypes based on pathophysiology and clinical context: Type…

…particularly in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation of multivessel CAD varies from stable angina or exertional limitation…

…disease with calcification Fibrin strands Giant Lambls excrescences Septum Defects — PFO, ASA, ASD SOURCES OF CARDIAC EMBOLI AND EMBOLIC POTENTIAL Echocardiography for the investigation of…

…can only be the case if the impulse (which depolarizes the ventricles) passes through the bundle of His, and hence it originates in the atria…

…VTI = velocity time integral. According to the formula, stroke volume is the product of area and VTI in LVOT. However, the continuity equation states…

…Advantages of MDRD eGFR Clinical utility: The MDRD equation has been instrumental in identifying and staging chronic kidney disease (CKD), facilitating early intervention and management…

…diffuse, leading to underestimation of the overall disease burden. Angiography also provides limited information about plaque composition, vulnerability and the risk of future plaque rupture…

…and hyperthyroidism Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, with increased risk of hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction, hypovolemia, or severe coronary or valvular disease Recent…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and pathophysiology Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide and in the United States. In the…

…narrowing of the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract). Carcinoid heart disease : Carcinoid syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs due to carcinomas secreting kallikrein and…

…of any nail bed laceration Contraindications There are no absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease…

…disease, or stable angina pectoris): 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Prophylaxis against recurrence of cerebrovascular disease: 75–80 mg tablet once daily. Warnings and…

…disease (CVD) over a defined period. SCORE2 and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of…

…and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary heart disease…

…2% of the population and leads to gradual prolapse of the valve leaflets (Figure 1). Rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…and the target heart rate is needed for the test to be conclusive. For assessment of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease…

…interaction between these acquired risks and age related cardiovascular remodeling contributes to the high incidence and prevalence of coronary and vascular disease in older adults…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…heart disease (CHD) , and coronary artery disease (CAD) are used interchangeably throughout this text. Wall motion abnormalities in ischemic heart disease In the setting of…

…disease, accounting for 50% of all cardiovascular deaths ( Tsao et al ). A recent meta analysis showed that survival to hospital discharge is 8.8% and…

…The ankle brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it…

…suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart, taking the mean of the…

…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression, and high dose corticosteroids. The time limit and the choice of closure strategy The classical limit of 6…

…the treatment of Sarcoma, Lymphoma, Leukemia, Lymphocytic, and Hodgkin Disease, among others. It is a novel, broad spectrum hydroxamic acid based inhibitor of histone deacetylase…

…It is generally not a normal finding among older individuals and might necessitate further examination. If it is caused by underlying heart disease (e.g…