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Incretins in Cardiometabolic Medicine: Leveraging GLP-1, GIP, and Glucagon Receptor Agonism for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction

…apnea primarily reflect the extent of weight loss, the reductions in hard cardiovascular outcomes (MI, stroke) and metabolic liver disease involve significant weight independent pathways…

Nail procedures — paronychia, ingrown toenail and subungual haematoma

…absolute contraindications, but be cautious and consider referral in: Diabetes with neuropathy or peripheral arterial disease — a risk of osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the…

Joint aspiration

…related joint disease. Contraindications Infection of the skin or soft tissues over the puncture site — use another approach or refrain. Bacteraemia without suspicion of joint…

Wound suturing

…and all bites on the hand. These are as a rule left open. Facial bites can be sutured after careful debridement because of the cosmesis…

Injection technique — intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal

…Contraindications Absolute: Infection, a wound, scar tissue, a tattoo or skin disease at the injection site. Known hypersensitivity to the preparation. Intramuscular injection in marked…

Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Diagnostic Pathways

…Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited discriminatory value. Features suggesting myocardial…

Evaluation of exercise stress test: ECG, symptoms, blood pressure, heart rate, performance

…discomfort) Chest pain during exercise is one of the strongest predictors of coronary artery disease. The severity of the pain may be graded from 0…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…to a hanging head. Frenzel goggles or video Frenzel if available — small beats of nystagmus can otherwise be hard to see, particularly when the patient…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…cutaneous vasculitis, lymphoma or granulomatous disease. A treatment resistant rash without a definite diagnosis. Choice of technique Diagnostic question Method Comment : : : Pigmented lesion, suspected melanoma…

LDL Cholesterol Targets Across Cardiovascular Risk Categories

…189 mg/dL, 10 year risk of a first hard ASCVD event—fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke—should be estimated. The risk categories…

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