…in three sizes, a stylet or bougie taken out and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of…

…available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the shoulder…

…Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get…

…In many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses…

…is still used in many units to assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the…

…the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This inhibition decreases the accumulation of cyclic…

…fatal myocardial infarction in which death occurs before biomarkers can be obtained or become abnormal, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of ischaemia and presumed…

…for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term…

…passages and choose the more patent one. Ask the patient about a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion…

…liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex. A…

…myocardial infarction. Initial rhythm in traumatic cardiac arrest The initial rhythm in traumatic cardiac arrests comprises PEA in 60% of instances, asystole in 30%, and…

…a normal finding. Abnormal (pathological) causes of sinus bradycardia In all other situations, sinus bradycardia should be regarded as a pathological finding. Numerous pathological conditions…

…chronic intake of approximately 60 g daily in males and 40 g daily in females as capable of causing cardiomyopathy. Several mechanisms contribute: Direct toxic…

…is not associated with venous thromboembolism in prospective epidemiological studies. Its biological effects appear to differ from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may…

…abdominal pain or a rapid deterioration in general condition may be the only signs of infection. Corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive treatments can blunt the febrile…

…intensive care patient in whom life sustaining treatment is withdrawn and total brain infarction is not expected to occur Death is confirmed by Direct criteria:…

…normal is most often enzyme induction by alcohol or drugs and is often of no clinical significance. Synthetic function and prognosis Child–Pugh Parameter 1…

…leading to hypoxia. Etiologies of hypoxic cardiac arrest : Trauma and injuries : Direct trauma can cause airway injuries, resulting in obstruction. Central nervous system (CNS) injuries…

…Recent intracranial haemorrhage without a fresh assessment of benefit and risk. An inability to attend for sampling and follow up — relative, but in practice decisive…

…consistency in patient care. Non Invasiveness: The calculation relies on readily available clinical parameters, eliminating the need for more invasive and costly direct measurements of…

…on QT prolongation or risk of torsade de pointes in PubMed. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Acetyldigoxin+AND+(%22QT%22+OR…

…time due to the advent of more efficacious agents with wider therapeutic to toxic windows, and its routine use in adult patients is generally discouraged…

…In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not apparent. Such a discrepancy should prompt consideration of…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…in significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of chronotropic and…

…expected delay and a symptom duration of less than 12 hours, immediate fibrinolysis is recommended in the absence of contraindications, followed by direct transfer to…

…or in the presence of albuminuria: check the potassium, calcium, phosphate, PTH, haemoglobin and bicarbonate , review the medication list (metformin, NSAIDs, RAAS blockade, gabapentin, direct…

…renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to the renal veins and can…

…multifaceted effects through direct activation of receptors in target tissues. 15 Recent evidence clarifies that while the benefits in conditions like osteoarthritis and obstructive sleep…

…risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and…

…an indicator of increased cardiovascular risk and a setting in which secondary hypertension is relatively common. Patients presumed to have resistant hypertension should undergo a…

…It should be noted, however, that three dimensional (3D) echocardiography offers greater precision in the calculation of ejection fraction, and 3D measurements will presumably replace…

…disruption of pressure conditions in the left ventricle. Ventricular pressure should drop rapidly and substantially during diastole, but if relaxation is impaired, the drop in…

…justified should not be considered abnormal. For example, sinus bradycardia (a slow rhythm directed by the sinoatrial node) is a common finding in athletes and…