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Endotracheal intubation

…in three sizes, a stylet or bougie taken out and shaped before induction , a syringe for the cuff, a cuff manometer. A laryngeal mask of…

Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…available. Infection in the area to be biopsied. Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics. Areas at high risk of unsightly or hypertrophic scars: the sternum, the shoulder…

Otoscopy and ear syringing

…Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get…

Contrast-Associated Acute Kidney Injury: Risk Assessment and Prevention

…In many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute tubular necrosis arising from the combined effects of contrast exposure and other ischaemic or nephrotoxic stresses…

Arterial line

…is still used in many units to assess the collateral circulation, but the test does not reliably predict ischaemic complications and should not decide the…

Adenosine: Administration Technique, Dose Escalation and Precautions

…the sinus and atrioventricular (AV) nodes. In addition to these direct effects, adenosine antagonizes catecholamine stimulated adenylate cyclase. This inhibition decreases the accumulation of cyclic…

Myocardial Injury Versus Infarction: Interpreting Troponin Elevation

…fatal myocardial infarction in which death occurs before biomarkers can be obtained or become abnormal, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of ischaemia and presumed…

Antianginal Therapy: Beta-Blockers, Calcium Channel Blockers, Nitrates, and Ranolazine

…for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term…

Nasogastric tube

…passages and choose the more patent one. Ask the patient about a previous nasal fracture or unilateral nasal obstruction. 2. Measure the depth of insertion…

Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring: Prognostic Use in Practice

…liver disease. Interpretation of the Agatston Score The score should be interpreted both by its absolute value and in relation to age and sex. A…

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