…and therapeutic considerations, with recommendations aligned with current guidelines from both the American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC), as well as…

Info This page summarises the most current recommendations for the management of acute coronary syndromes with persistent ST segment elevations (i.e STEMI, ST segment…

…level C. The European regulatory threshold described in the source material differs from the trial based threshold: ivabradine was approved for patients with HFrEF, LVEF…

…a real giant. During his lecture professor Yusuf said that he was not too impressed with current guidelines. He said that guidelines tend to be…

…However, contemporary data suggest that the current figure is approximately 60%. The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease…

…energy source in all cells]). The heart consumes approximately 30 kilograms of ATP per day (Neubauer et al), which is about 100 times its weight…

…and supplemental oxygen [1]. Distinguish between: Acidaemia and alkalaemia , which describe the current pH of the blood. Acidosis and alkalosis , which describe processes that lower…

…or a haemoglobin below the applicable transfusion threshold (see below). Ongoing bleeding with haemodynamic compromise, whatever the current haemoglobin — haemoglobin falls late in acute haemorrhage…

…not by the values on admission alone. Diagnosis Current diagnostic criteria According to the international consensus report of 2024, the diagnosis of DKA requires three…

…dialysis, and whenever the clinical course deviates from what was expected. The poison control centre is the authoritative local source for the current indication, dosing…

…current reference values (GLI 2012 is the standard). Patient preparation — given with the appointment letter: Drug or habit Period to be withheld before the test…

…minutes, or repeated generalised tonic clonic seizures without the patient regaining consciousness between them. Five minutes is the practical threshold for treatment, known as t1…

…The confidence interval touched the null The current ERC and ESICM recommendation is continuous core temperature measurement and the active prevention of fever — defined as…

…on — in second degree AV block Mobitz type 2, newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction…

…In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening…

…In LQT3 patients, where arrhythmias often occur at rest due to late sodium current augmentation, the sodium channel blocker mexiletine has demonstrated efficacy in shortening…

…monophosphate (cAMP), which in turn reduces the L type calcium current (Ica.L) and the pacemaker current (If) in sinus node cells, accompanied by a…

…persistently mildly reduced systolic function. This dynamic nature makes prior imaging particularly important when interpreting a current LVEF of 41–49%. Diagnostic phenotype Criterion HFmrEF…

…most frequent source of EMI, although radiofrequency procedures, nerve stimulators, and other electronic equipment may also interfere with device function. The clinical consequences depend on…

…or the inferobasal wall. Transmural ischemia located in this area yields an injury current (ST vector) directed towards the back, where there is no exploring…

…and current smoking—account for more than half of the population attributable risk of cardiovascular mortality and approximately one fifth of the risk of all…

…exerts no membrane stabilizing effects. The class III antiarrhythmic effect is achieved by blocking the delayed rectifier potassium current (IKr), which prolongs the plateau phase…

…ECG interpretation is a sophisticated art, even in the current era of artificial intelligence (AI). ECG interpretation requires a comprehensive understanding of cardiovascular pathophysiology and…

…Ω). The higher the resistance in the lead tip, the smaller the current used. Software settings The pacemaker software includes pre programmed algorithms and settings…

…40 in endemic regions [3] . The global prevalence is estimated at 1 to 5 per 10,000 individuals, though this figure rises dramatically in Southeast…

…and processes these electrical currents and presents them as the electrocardiogram (ECG). As mentioned earlier, the electrical potentials of the conduction system are much too…

…main principle behind artificial pacemakers; i.e applying an external electrical current that depolarizes cells in contact with the lead tip, and thus generate an…

…significantly lower than the current threshold for hypertension, and the current treatment target levels for patients with and without diabetes. The threshold for hypertension is…

…stress testing has been the diagnostic evaluation of coronary artery disease. However, current guidelines (ESC, AHA, ACC) discourage the use of exercise stress testing for…

…judge whether the QT interval is normal or not, one must adjust for the current heart rate. This is done by adjusting the QT interval…

…these efforts have not borne fruit. Our current ability to predict cardiac arrest remains poor at best. A key explanation for this is the stochastic…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment depression: New horizontal or downsloping ST segment depressions ≥0,5 mm in at least two anatomically contiguous leads…

…Current guideline criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous leads: • Men age ≥40 years: ≥2 mm…

…and ECG electrodes . An electrode is a conductive pad that is attached to the skin and enables the recording of electrical currents. An ECG lead…

…al ). Current guidelines recommend a compression depth of 5–6 cm at a rate of 100–120 compressions per minute (Figure 1). These recommendations are…

…Piezoelectric crystals have unique electromechanical properties. When an electric current is applied to a piezoelectric crystal, it starts to vibrate and these vibrations generate sound…

…1] [2] . This exhaustive review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of VT management for the practicing cardiologist. It meticulously details the classification…

…ventilation. Home oxygen and the patient's usual saturation. Previous exacerbations and hospital admissions. Current inhaled treatment and adherence. Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs…

…Step 1: confirm the course and assess severity Establish the baseline Look for previous creatinine values in the record, preferably from before the current illness.

…treatment Adrenaline infusion and advanced resuscitation in a monitored setting The grade can change within minutes. Treat the current physiological threat, not the grading label…

…change side, and avoid irradiated fields. Preparation and equipment Informed consent, current full blood count and coagulation screen, medication list. Chlorhexidine in alcohol, sterile gloves…

…Untreated generalised infection, or certain transmissible agents according to the current transmission risk assessment. In DCD: patients in whom death must be confirmed after a…

…test gives insufficient information, a longer one is limited by local muscle fatigue rather than by the heart. 2. Pedalling rate 50–70 revolutions per…

…and recent delivery. Pre eclampsia can present postpartum. Known hypertension and current antihypertensive treatment. Missed doses or abrupt withdrawal of a beta blocker, clonidine or…

…labelled. A laxative and an antiemetic prescribed at the same time as the opioid — not afterwards. A current creatinine with the eGFR, the weight, the…

…poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling intervals and when dialysis should be considered…

…link raw waveforms to reliable cause of death data. The current study This paper supplies that ingredient. The authors trained a convolutional deep learning model…

…anxiety Social support and practical barriers to participation Occupational and sporting goals Current pharmacological treatment Early assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction is recommended before…

…examination are the initial components of assessment. The history should include: previous TIA or stroke; symptoms suggesting current or recent cerebral ischaemia; known CAD, PAD…

…a therapeutic objective. LDL C as the primary treatment target Current lipid management frameworks place LDL C at the centre of treatment. Lifestyle intervention is…

…to patients with symptoms. Current guidance supports revascularisation for significant left main stenosis irrespective of symptomatic status or the documented ischaemic burden. In chronic coronary…

…from those of LDL, and elevated Lp(a) may confer greater risk per particle or unit of cholesterol than LDL cholesterol. Clinical implications High Lp…

…make early case detection clinically important. Current European recommendations advise screening adults with confirmed hypertension by measuring renin and aldosterone, although the strongest indications arise…

…activities of daily living. Workload or exertion required to provoke symptoms. Response to current antianginal therapy. Adverse effects that restrict further drug escalation. Previous PCI…

…mortality are included. Clinical presentation and assessment Identifying tobacco exposure Every cardiovascular assessment should establish: Current smoking status. Cigarettes smoked per day. Duration of smoking…

…60 and J 80, there is minimal chance that there are any electrical potential differences in the myocardium. Current guidelines, however, still recommend the use…

…Myocardial Infarction (NOMI). This method focuses on the presence or absence of ACO, rather than rigid ECG thresholds, and incorporates advanced ECG interpretation, clinical context…

…femoral or radial artery. According to current guidelines, laypeople do not need to perform the 3 rd assessment (reliable assessment of pulses requires training and…

…the blood. It should be noted, however, that current troponin assays are extremely sensitive. These assays, referred to as high sensitive cardiac troponin, may actually…