…neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic–clonic seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological…

…burning, pelvic pain, dyspareunia. Cervical cancer screening according to the national programme. Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a…

…is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an immediately available diagnostic tool that can provide essential clues to LMCA occlusion or critical stenosis…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp…

…opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological half life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone…

…leaves no specimen . That makes the choice of lesion the critical point: never freeze anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time…

…result can be interpreted. What decides that is whether the patient is taking a steroid that cross reacts in the cortisol assay, whether the samples…

…cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology, providing insight into the perfusion pressure experienced by organs and tissues…

…either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should generally adhere to the standard adult…

…and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent…

… warm ischaemic time is the limiting factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory…

…Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked…

…osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the ankle brachial index and the foot status before any procedure on a toe. Critical ischaemia. Immunosuppression. Suspicion of another…

…below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness during initial stabilisation — cardiac arrest, shock, sepsis…

…superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region of the right atrium. This circuit…

…the enzyme. By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to cardiac myocyte function, ultimately exerting a mild positive inotropic effect. Beyond its…

…anasthesia or critical care medicine. Critical Care Reviews Dr Rob Mac Sweeney's superb website which is a must for anyone interested in critical care…

…critical clinical entity requiring immediate reperfusion therapy. The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction injury involves the overlapping of vulnerable plaque and thrombogenic blood, which are critical…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g…

…For cardiologists – particularly interventional cardiologists – this knowledge is of critical importance as they must be able to directly pinpoint where the coronary artery occlusion is…

…27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic nature of myocardial remodeling. The designation "Heart Failure with improved…

…providing absolute quantification. The resting myocardium rarely reveals evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical, potentially causing angina during rest…

…in knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based on observational data ( e.g compression rate and depth). With current…

…fail to generate stroke volumes. Consequently, addressing reversible causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed…

…the acute management of both stable and unstable presentations, the critical entity of electrical storm, and the long term management strategies informed by recent sub…

…respiratory arrest. A venous blood gas can give useful information about pH and the trend in carbon dioxide, but in critical illness, marked hypoxaemia, or…

…pharyngeal swelling, obesity N eck mobility Reduced neck mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and…

…This corresponds to the so called critical administration threshold and identifies rapid bleeding better than the retrospective definition of at least 10 units of red…

…CKD, clinicians should be aware of its limitations. In cases where precise GFR assessment is critical, especially in individuals with near normal kidney function, alternative…

…relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Monitoring renal function and potassium is a critical component of ACE inhibitor therapy. Blood pressure (including…

…RV filling and/or reduced RV output. Recognition of this syndrome is critical because it may precede haemodynamic collapse. Clinical risk scores Validated clinical tools…

…bradyarrhythmia Increased myocardial oxygen demand Sustained tachyarrhythmia, severe hypertension, hypertensive crisis, critical aortic stenosis, severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, extreme exercise Direct myocardial injury Myocarditis, cardiac co

…V6 [3]. Clinical Implications of Axis Deviation Deviations in the electrical axis serve as critical diagnostic markers for structural and hemodynamic cardiac abnormalities. Right Axis…

…Relief of Triggers Addressing the underlying precipitating factors is a critical component of acute management [4]: Electrolyte Management : Correction of electrolyte derangements is essential [4…

…left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or…

…remains unknown ( Guildner et al ). Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should…

…dominant channelopathy with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. The first and most critical genetic locus identified was SCN5A , the gene encoding the alpha subunit of…

…infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor…

…are identified and categorized. A critical aspect of this evaluation is the determination of reversibility , which involves comparing stress and rest images to distinguish between…

…regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based…

…the anterior and posterior fascicles. The bundle branches and fascicles play a critical role in disseminating the impulse throughout the ventricles. Dysfunction in the bundle…

…postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No flow longer than…

…Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As ATP concentration declines, critical cell functions cease. Membrane potential, action potential, excitability…