…seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute…

…dyspareunia. Cervical cancer screening according to the national programme. Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted…

…and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an immediately available diagnostic tool…

…lesions can cause acute severe regurgitation, a left to right shunt, tamponade, or sudden loss of effective cardiac output. Their recognition is essential because treatment…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow…

…increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever, infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness …

…the choice of lesion the critical point: never freeze anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time per cycle Number of cycles…

…that is whether the patient is taking a steroid that cross reacts in the cortisol assay, whether the samples were taken at the right times…

…of approximately 60 to 65 mmHg is generally considered the minimum threshold necessary to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain…

…uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge…

…and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent…

…critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain…

…Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked…

…from the dorsal aspect, one injection medial and one lateral to the base of the phalanx, 2–3 mL on each side, with the needle…

…be prescribed as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that…

…superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region of the right atrium. This circuit…

…cytoplasmic face of the alpha subunit, thereby stabilizing the E2P conformation of the enzyme. By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to…

…must if your into emergency medicine. Broome docs Dr Casey Parker's site covers a wide range of topics. The archive is loaded with great…

…incidence of STEMI is decreasing and the incidence of NSTEMI is increasing, STEMI remains a critical clinical entity requiring immediate reperfusion therapy. The pathophysiology of…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings…

…supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g., intravenous midazolam, propofol, or etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine…

…signs of right ventricular involvement is, therefore, important. Such knowledge is valuable for most clinicians. For cardiologists – particularly interventional cardiologists – this knowledge is of critical…

…fraction (LVEF) of ≤40% [14, 26, 27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic nature of myocardial remodeling…

…measurement of coronary blood flow, providing absolute quantification. The resting myocardium rarely reveals evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical…

…the purpose of CPR is to induce myocardial electrical activity by generating adequate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain…

…Chest compressions in traumatic cardiac arrest In the context of cardiac tamponade, increased pressure within the pericardial sac impedes venous return to the right atrium…

…bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NICM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and arrhythmogenic right…

…oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory flow limitation causes air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation. The consequences are increased work of breathing, exhaustion and, in the most…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

…to the so called critical administration threshold and identifies rapid bleeding better than the retrospective definition of at least 10 units of red cells in…

…calculator has significantly advanced the detection and management of CKD, clinicians should be aware of its limitations. In cases where precise GFR assessment is critical…

…relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Monitoring renal function and potassium is a critical component of ACE inhibitor therapy. Blood pressure (including…

…RV filling and/or reduced RV output. Recognition of this syndrome is critical because it may precede haemodynamic collapse. Clinical risk scores Validated clinical tools…

…acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased concentrations may result from acute…

…serve as critical diagnostic markers for structural and hemodynamic cardiac abnormalities. Right Axis Deviation (RAD) RAD holds significant diagnostic weight in the evaluation of pulmonary…

…Relief of Triggers Addressing the underlying precipitating factors is a critical component of acute management [4]: Electrolyte Management : Correction of electrolyte derangements is essential [4…

…Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients, microvascular obstruction or epicardial spasm may…

…remains unknown ( Guildner et al ). Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should…

Cardiology Introduction Since its initial description in 1992 as a syndrome of right bundle branch block, ST segment elevation, and sudden cardiac death (SCD), Brugada…

…infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor…

…of reduced perfusion, which manifest as less intense or absent uptake, are identified and categorized. A critical aspect of this evaluation is the determination of…

…unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and…

…right bundle branch block (RBBB) and left bundle branch block (LBBB). The cardiac conduction system The cardiac conduction system ensures rapid and synchronized spread of…

…flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly…

…of VF, approximately 50% of the ATP remained. Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As ATP concentration declines, critical…