…seizures, cortical blindness, and, in advanced cases, loss of consciousness. Focal neurological findings are uncommon in hypertensive encephalopathy and should prompt consideration of stroke. Acute…

…dyspareunia. Cervical cancer screening according to the national programme. Checking an intrauterine device or a pessary. Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted…

…and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an immediately available diagnostic tool…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…the risk of stroke and other thromboembolic events. Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

[calc_aorta] Sinus of Valsalva (SOV) and Aortic Root Assessment The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology…

…Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow…

…increase their own cortisol production. Situation Action : : Fever, infection or gastroenteritis at home Double or triple the oral daily dose during the days of illness …

…the choice of lesion the critical point: never freeze anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time per cycle Number of cycles…

…baseline sample : cortisol and plasma ACTH. The ACTH sample is taken before the injection and handled chilled. 4. Inject 0.25 mg of tetracosactide intravenously …

…of approximately 60 to 65 mmHg is generally considered the minimum threshold necessary to ensure sufficient blood flow to vital organs such as the brain…

…uterus should be manually displaced to the woman's left side (Figure 1). Additional offloading of the vena cava can be accomplished using a wedge…

…and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent…

…critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory arrest Indications An intensive care patient with severe brain…

…Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked…

…a bloodless field one works by feel, and by feel nail spicules are left behind — which is the commonest cause of recurrence. Indications Condition Procedure : …

…be prescribed as one: with an indication, a route of administration and a target range for the saturation . What usually goes wrong is not that…

…left atrium is activated passively. The upper boundary of this circuit may be located either anterior or posterior to the superior vena cava. A critical…

…cytoplasmic face of the alpha subunit, thereby stabilizing the E2P conformation of the enzyme. By inhibiting this pump, digoxin affects multiple cellular processes critical to…

…must if your into emergency medicine. Broome docs Dr Casey Parker's site covers a wide range of topics. The archive is loaded with great…

…incidence of STEMI is decreasing and the incidence of NSTEMI is increasing, STEMI remains a critical clinical entity requiring immediate reperfusion therapy. The pathophysiology of…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Myocardial infarction (MI) is a clinical diagnosis that integrates myocardial injury, evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia, electrocardiographic findings…

…supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g., intravenous midazolam, propofol, or etomidate), routine blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine…

…the left anterior aspect of the aortic bulb. The LMCA is short and branches into the two arteries supplying the anterior and left side of…

…guidelines as HF with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≤40% [14, 26, 27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology…

…measurement of coronary blood flow, providing absolute quantification. The resting myocardium rarely reveals evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical…

…the purpose of CPR is to induce myocardial electrical activity by generating adequate coronary perfusion pressure (CPP). Myocardial activity is necessary to salvage the brain…

…reversible causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed internally, account for approximately half of all…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…access, but do not let blood sampling or cannulation delay inhaled treatment. 8. Reassess speech, work of breathing, level of consciousness and air entry repeatedly…

Procedurer What determines the outcome of an emergency intubation is rarely the laryngoscopy itself but what was done before it: how well the patient was…

…to the so called critical administration threshold and identifies rapid bleeding better than the retrospective definition of at least 10 units of red cells in…

…calculator has significantly advanced the detection and management of CKD, clinicians should be aware of its limitations. In cases where precise GFR assessment is critical…

…relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Monitoring renal function and potassium is a critical component of ACE inhibitor therapy. Blood pressure (including…

…RV filling and/or reduced RV output. Recognition of this syndrome is critical because it may precede haemodynamic collapse. Clinical risk scores Validated clinical tools…

…acute myocardial injury without having an infarction. The degree of troponin elevation does not by itself establish the mechanism. Increased concentrations may result from acute…

…serve as critical diagnostic markers for structural and hemodynamic cardiac abnormalities. Right Axis Deviation (RAD) RAD holds significant diagnostic weight in the evaluation of pulmonary…

…Relief of Triggers Addressing the underlying precipitating factors is a critical component of acute management [4]: Electrolyte Management : Correction of electrolyte derangements is essential [4…

…with or without left ventricular hypertrophy. Among patients with NSTE ACS undergoing angiography, approximately 10% have no critical epicardial stenosis. In some of these patients…

…thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should only be used if other methods…

…most critical genetic locus identified was SCN5A , the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the cardiac voltage gated sodium channel (Nav1.5) [6] . Loss of…

…infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor…

…or other pathologies. The software allows for detailed regional analysis of myocardial perfusion, highlighting specific segments of the left ventricle that demonstrate abnormalities. These tools…

…unit (CCU), regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and…

…the left ventricle partially or entirely outside the specialized conduction system. This slower conduction results in a prolonged QRS duration. The defining features of LBBB…

…flow time : The duration (minutes) from circulatory collapse to initiation of CPR. During no flow there is no cerebral perfusion and brain damage progresses rapidly…

…of VF, approximately 50% of the ATP remained. Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As ATP concentration declines, critical…