…Several underlying conditions increase a patient's sensitivity to digitalis related arrhythmias. The clinician must evaluate for the presence of worsening renal function, advanced age…

…quality — a relaxed patient is easier to examine. Indications Symptoms: bleeding outside menstruation, postmenopausal bleeding, discharge, itching, burning, pelvic pain, dyspareunia. Cervical cancer screening according…

Critical care Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Cardiogenic shock is a state of inadequate tissue and end organ perfusion caused by cardiac insufficiency…

…The sinus of Valsalva diameter (SOVd) is a critical measurement in evaluating aortic root morphology. Age stratified formulas help determine expected normal values based on…

…Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) is: eGFR = 175 × (Scr)^ 1.154 × (Age)^ 0.203 × (0.742 if female) × (1.212 if African American)…

…either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should generally adhere to the standard adult…

…27] . Recent guideline updates have introduced critical nuances to HF terminology to reflect the dynamic nature of myocardial remodeling. The designation "Heart Failure with improved…

… warm ischaemic time is the limiting factor The time critical element The diagnosis and the donor care The time from withdrawal of treatment to circulatory…

…is not uniformly present. The proportion of painless or silent STEMIs is greater in patients with diabetes mellitus and increases with age. STEMI may present…

…deaths in patients without structural heart disease and is the leading cause of SCD in men under the age of 40 in endemic regions [3] …

…pharyngeal swelling, obesity N eck mobility Reduced neck mobility, a cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and…

…RV filling and/or reduced RV output. Recognition of this syndrome is critical because it may precede haemodynamic collapse. Clinical risk scores Validated clinical tools…

…are identified and categorized. A critical aspect of this evaluation is the determination of reversibility , which involves comparing stress and rest images to distinguish between…

…sufficient Severe elevation Acute HMOD Present Absent clinically Symptoms Often present and related to the affected organ May be absent or nonspecific Treatment setting Usually…

…is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is an immediately available diagnostic tool that can provide essential clues to LMCA occlusion or critical stenosis…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Definition and pathophysiology Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Bradycardia and conduction disorders arise from dysfunction within the sinus node, the atrioventricular node (AVN…

CPR Time is the most critical factor for survival in cardiac arrest. Life saving interventions must be initiated momentarily to maximize the probability of survival…

…to Methods and Clinical Relevance The shunt fraction (Qp/Qs) is a critical hemodynamic parameter used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp…

…opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological half life : : : : Hydrocortisone (cortisol) 20 mg Marked Short, 8–12 hours Prednisolone…

…leaves no specimen . That makes the choice of lesion the critical point: never freeze anything whose diagnosis you have not established. Indications Lesion Freeze time…

…cannula. Wait a few minutes — the venepuncture itself can cause a stress related rise in cortisol. 3. Take the baseline sample : cortisol and plasma ACTH…

…cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology, providing insight into the perfusion pressure experienced by organs and tissues…

…and hypoperfusion manifesting as hypotension. The high mortality associated with sepsis underscores the critical importance of timely and appropriate interventions. In patients presenting with concurrent…

…Retinal detachment. Relative: Marked cervical restriction of movement or pain — use the Semont manoeuvre or the side lying variant of the Dix–Hallpike test. Marked…

…osteomyelitis and poor healing. Check the ankle brachial index and the foot status before any procedure on a toe. Critical ischaemia. Immunosuppression. Suspicion of another…

…below the target range, or a PaO2 below 8 kPa on an arterial blood gas. Acute critical illness during initial stabilisation — cardiac arrest, shock, sepsis…

…superior vena cava. A critical area of slow conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region of the right atrium. This circuit…

…Goldberger et al ECG Wave Maven It is likely that this Dr Goldberger is related to the Dr Goldberger who invented the ECG leads aVR…

…such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness Defibrillator shocks Strenuous exercise Cardiac contusion The diagnosis should therefore distinguish…

…can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm, obviating slow drug titration and rendering the supraventricular versus ventricular distinction less critical. Performance involves sedation (e.g…

…For cardiologists – particularly interventional cardiologists – this knowledge is of critical importance as they must be able to directly pinpoint where the coronary artery occlusion is…

…providing absolute quantification. The resting myocardium rarely reveals evidence of significant coronary artery stenosis unless the stenosis is severely critical, potentially causing angina during rest…

…in knowledge, with some of the most critical components of current guidelines being based on observational data ( e.g compression rate and depth). With current…

…fail to generate stroke volumes. Consequently, addressing reversible causes of cardiac arrest becomes more critical than performing chest compressions. Hemorrhages, either manifesting externally or concealed…

…clinical presentation of VT, with a deep dive into the underlying etiologies ranging from benign idiopathic variants to complex scar related and genetic substrates. Furthermore…

…respiratory arrest. A venous blood gas can give useful information about pH and the trend in carbon dioxide, but in critical illness, marked hypoxaemia, or…

…This corresponds to the so called critical administration threshold and identifies rapid bleeding better than the retrospective definition of at least 10 units of red…

…relation to ACE inhibitor therapy. Biomarkers and Laboratory Findings Monitoring renal function and potassium is a critical component of ACE inhibitor therapy. Blood pressure (including…

…bradyarrhythmia Increased myocardial oxygen demand Sustained tachyarrhythmia, severe hypertension, hypertensive crisis, critical aortic stenosis, severe hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, extreme exercise Direct myocardial injury Myocarditis, cardiac co

…V6 [3]. Clinical Implications of Axis Deviation Deviations in the electrical axis serve as critical diagnostic markers for structural and hemodynamic cardiac abnormalities. Right Axis…

…1]. Acute Management and Treatment Alternatives The management of TdP and related malignant ventricular arrhythmias requires a structured approach focusing on rhythm stabilization, relief of…

…cardiac origin. Oxygen supply–demand mismatch, including demand related events in the presence of fixed coronary disease. More than one mechanism may operate simultaneously. Some…

…remains unknown ( Guildner et al ). Jaw thrust is preferred if there is suspicion of cervical spine injury, in which scenario head tilt chin lift should…

…infants, around six will have critical CHD, and the pulse oximetry test will correctly identify five of these with critical CHD ( Plana et al ). Minor…

…regular wards and rehabilitation facilities. Depending on the cause of the arrest, other units may be critical (e.g. trauma unit). Careful and evidence based…

…the anterior and posterior fascicles. The bundle branches and fascicles play a critical role in disseminating the impulse throughout the ventricles. Dysfunction in the bundle…

…postpones or mitigates cerebral injuries. No flow time and low flow time are critical parameters for determining the probability of survival. No flow longer than…

…Figure 1 . Myocardial ATP concentration after induction of ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest). As ATP concentration declines, critical cell functions cease. Membrane potential, action potential, excitability…