…of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding risk assessment tools, such as HEMORR2HAGES, ATRIA, ORBIT, and…

…years ≥ 2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to warfarin except in a mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral…

…prevention has in practice no absolute contraindications. With active cooling to hypothermia , caution applies in: Ongoing uncontrolled bleeding or marked coagulopathy. Severe sepsis and septic…

…not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching…

…the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call…

…no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control that determines the outcome. Indications Symptomatic anaemia, or a haemoglobin…

…reduced when studying distant objects). These concepts have been discussed in detail previously. The gain is regulated with TGC and gain control , as discussed earlier…

…minute) • Esmolol may also be used to control supraventricular tachycardia (rate control). • Esmolol may be used to reduce myocardial ischemia in the CCU or ICU…

…health care exposure and the risk of resistant organisms 0 to 60 min Empirical intravenous antibiotics in septic shock or in certain or highly likely…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP…

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…wave may diminish in amplitude. U wave No effect QT (QTc) interval QT and QTc interval becomes prolonged. Arrhythmia Disopyramide may provoke or aggravate any…

…patient Awake or sedated — requires sedation Unconscious In polymorphic VT, sync must be switched off. The defibrillator finds no stable R wave, and in sync…

…and with full preparedness Moderate to severe aortic stenosis without symptoms Individual assessment Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia Rate control…

…the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your national or regional poison control centre before you decide, not afterwards…

…the pump and change to an infusion or injections Drugs for type 2 diabetes in inpatients Agent The acutely ill inpatient : : Metformin Stop in acute…

…national or regional poison control centre. An open flame or smoking in the room: a fire hazard. Preparation and equipment A pulse oximeter, and the…

…absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or…

…your national or regional poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling intervals and when…

…improve long term cardiovascular outcomes in CCS. General strategy For most patients, initial therapy consists of a beta blocker and/or a calcium channel blocker…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2…

…glycaemia and cardiovascular disease is complex. Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little or no…

…diminished impulse conduction . Explanation follows: Increased automaticity occurs both in the atria and the ventricles. This initially manifests with premature beats (premature atrial beats or

…asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial…

…4 g × 3 IV 4 days if source control has been achieved, 7 days in bacteraemia or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV plus…

…blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic…

…dysfunction or second degree and third degree heart block in the absence of a pacemaker. Use of intravenous rhythm control antiarrhythmics (class I and class…

…and left ventricular dP/dt. Oral doses sufficient to control arrhythmias do not depress left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), even in patients with reduced LVEF…

…In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift to establishing control of cardiorespiratory status. This includes continuing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, performing intubation, and…

…1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes…

…fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous myocardial infarction, the Mediterranean intervention involved greater consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, bread and an…

…Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control…

…develop weakness, muscle cramps or, in severe cases, periodic paralysis. Nevertheless, many patients are normokalaemic and have no distinctive symptoms attributable to aldosterone excess. Cardiovascular…

…way. Treatment with anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as…

…the rescuer. Contact expertise Contact your national or regional poison control centre, and activate the emergency medical response system using your local emergency number. Contact…

…also important to control the placement of electrodes. Incorrect placement of electrodes, or varying placement between repeated recordings, may cause significant variations in the ECG…

…to simply as atrial tachycardia or atrial rhythm, depending on the ventricular response. The ECG in ectopic atrial rhythm and atrial tachycardia A regular rhythm…

…control or time gain compensation (TGC) . Figure 1. TGC (time gain compensation) and gain control on the ultrasound machine. Gain control: overall gain Gain control…

…distance from the transducer. Frame rate The two dimensional image must be updated rapidly and continuously in order to obtain a movie. The speed at…