…BLED score is a widely recognized and validated tool used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF…

…years ≥ 2 An oral anticoagulant is recommended A DOAC is preferred to warfarin except in a mechanical valve prosthesis and in moderate to severe mitral…

…for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in parallel with coronary angiography, the…

…delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take samples for blood grouping and cross matching before…

…the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is not contraindicated, and contact with the on call…

…In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control…

…reduced when studying distant objects). These concepts have been discussed in detail previously. The gain is regulated with TGC and gain control , as discussed earlier…

Esmolol Drug Esmolol Brand names Brevibloc ® Indications Short term control of ventricular rate (including perioperative tachycardia) and hypertension (including hypertensive emergency, perioperative hypertension). Mechanism…

…sepsis in adults: rapid recognition, microbiological sampling, empirical intravenous antibiotics, fluid, a vasopressor and early source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP…

…not be given to pregnant women. • Should not be given to patients with Leber optic atrophy. Nitroprusside doses and administration in hypertension (hypertensive crisis/emergency).

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…may develop. T wave T wave may diminish in amplitude. U wave No effect QT (QTc) interval QT and QTc interval becomes prolonged. Arrhythmia Disopyramide…

…An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of unknown duration without anticoagulation can…

…blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator, oxygen, suction and emergency drugs in the room. Staff with current CPR competence; a physician available. Patient preparation…

…alkali) — it makes endoscopic assessment more difficult and causes vomiting Medicinal charcoal Petroleum products — vomiting with chemical pneumonitis as a consequence Medicinal charcoal Bowel obstruction…

…without basal insulin (a so called sliding scale), gives poorer control and is not recommended as the sole regimen. Common situations Situation Management : : Fasting before…

…or regional poison control centre. An open flame or smoking in the room: a fire hazard. Preparation and equipment A pulse oximeter, and the ability…

…Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings…

…or regional poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started. They give current advice on the treatment threshold, sampling intervals and when dialysis should…

…consistent superiority for symptom relief in direct comparative studies, and combinations are frequently required. The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of…

…inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling, and thrombosis interact to produce focal…

…dosing Definition and pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2…

…metabolic control and exercise capacity, even when cardiovascular event reduction is not demonstrated in every intervention study. Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Screening for cardiovascular and kidney…

…digoxin. Increased Vagus activity diminishes the automaticity in the sinoatrial node (which lowers heart rate) and also slows conduction over the atrioventricular (AV) node. The…

…asleep and got up. Holter ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial…

…tazobactam 4 g × 3 IV 4 days if source control has been achieved, 7 days in bacteraemia or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV…

…blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often appropriate when very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic…

…Use of intravenous rhythm control antiarrhythmics (class I and class III) within 4 hours prior to, as well as in the first 4 hours after…

…and left ventricular dP/dt. Oral doses sufficient to control arrhythmias do not depress left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), even in patients with reduced LVEF…

…In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift to establishing control of cardiorespiratory status. This includes continuing cardiopulmonary resuscitation, performing intubation, and…

…1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported with systemic sclerosis, Addison disease, SLE and type 1 diabetes…

…fat control diets. In one trial of patients with previous myocardial infarction, the Mediterranean intervention involved greater consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, bread and an…

…Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control…

…major target—where MR activation promotes sodium transport—MRs are also present in cardiac myocytes, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, neurons and other tissues…

…way. Treatment with anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as…

…poison control centre, and activate the emergency medical response system using your local emergency number. Contact the nearest intensive care unit with expertise in toxicological…

ECG Myocardial ischemia and infarction Use of ECG in acute coronary syndromes & chest pain patients An ECG must be performed on all patients seeking medical…

…sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial fibrillation and…

…region of interest. The difference between zooming in and shifting focus is that the zoom encloses a specific region of the image, whereas shifting focus…

…distance from the transducer. Frame rate The two dimensional image must be updated rapidly and continuously in order to obtain a movie. The speed at…