…bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4…

… a higher threshold may be considered individually in ongoing ischaemia Upper gastrointestinal bleeding that has been stabilised 70 g/L — a more liberal strategy gives…

…bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or superiorly to other bleeding…

…agents Platelet transfusion has weak evidence; discuss with the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is…

…cannot be used It also has a rhythm control effect; plan as though cardioversion will occur Target rate in the acute phase: a resting ventricular…

…and caution Active fever prevention has in practice no absolute contraindications. With active cooling to hypothermia , caution applies in: Ongoing uncontrolled bleeding or marked coagulopathy…

…gain control , as discussed earlier. The gain must be calibrated, such that blood filled spaces (ventricular cavities, atrial cavities, vessels) should appear black in the…

…minute) • Esmolol may also be used to control supraventricular tachycardia (rate control). • Esmolol may be used to reduce myocardial ischemia in the CCU or ICU…

…a vasopressor and early source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP…

…hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP…

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…wave may diminish in amplitude. U wave No effect QT (QTc) interval QT and QTc interval becomes prolonged. Arrhythmia Disopyramide may provoke or aggravate any…

…Everything else in the procedure is routine. Synchronised cardioversion or unsynchronised defibrillation Synchronised cardioversion Unsynchronised defibrillation : : : Rhythm An organised rhythm with discernible QRS complexes: atrial…

…outflow tract obstruction Caution Tachyarrhythmia or bradyarrhythmia Rate control first Blood pressure 200/110 mmHg at rest Treat first Electrolyte disturbance Correct Second or third…

…delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more. Discuss this with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered…

…insulin at lunch and dinner in the first instance. Measure the glucose before every meal and at bedtime Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed…

…saturation in the lower part of the target range. Paraquat poisoning — oxygen worsens the lung injury. Discuss with your national or regional poison control centre…

…poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed around the clock for health care professionals. Contact the centre early in serious, unusual or unclear…

…creatinine, CK in rhabdomyolysis, and salicylate concentration in poisoning. Procedure 1. Contact your national or regional poison control centre in poisoning before treatment is started…

…therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients after acute…

…points in the epicardial coronary arteries. Early lesions may undergo positive or compensatory remodelling, in which the vessel enlarges outward before a major reduction in…

…Clinical benefits have been demonstrated in several overlapping populations: T2DM with established cardiovascular disease or high cardiovascular risk T2DM with chronic kidney disease Heart failure…

…Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in…

…digoxin in the setting of hypokalemia. Arrhythmias caused by digoxin Digoxin may cause virtually all known arrhythmias. However, none of the ECG changes or arrhythmias…

…ECG and longer rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial fibrillation. Suspected paroxysmal atrial fibrillation…

…4 g × 3 IV 4 days if source control has been achieved, 7 days in bacteraemia or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV plus…

…very rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic syndrome, marked neurological organ damage, or treatment with sodium nitroprusside. In most hypertensive…

…or severe bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction or second degree and third degree heart block in the absence of a pacemaker. Use of intravenous rhythm control…

…left ventricular dP/dt. Oral doses sufficient to control arrhythmias do not depress left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), even in patients with reduced LVEF. However…

…or secondary arrhythmias result from the slow rate. In the setting of bradyarrhythmic or asystolic arrest, management priorities shift to establishing control of cardiorespiratory status…

…events per 1000 patient years, compared with 15.0 per 1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported…

…cardiovascular risk reported a 30% reduction in major cardiovascular events with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with either nuts or extra virgin olive oil compared with…

…aldosterone levels. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms In the management of heart failure, digoxin improves hemodynamics without increasing heart rate or decreasing blood pressure, making it…

…despite control Hypertension with spontaneous or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the…

…control, on the other hand, attempts to restore sinus rhythm by use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Randomized controlled trials have not demonstrated any clear difference in…

…Gastrointestinal lavage is infrequently employed due to aspiration risks and inconclusive evidence. However, in cases of iron, lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove…

…also important to control the placement of electrodes. Incorrect placement of electrodes, or varying placement between repeated recordings, may cause significant variations in the ECG…

…If rate control is inadequate, the use of Class IA, IC, or III antiarrhythmic agents may be considered. Catheter ablation should be considered in patients…

…Gain control regulates the global (overall) gain . Increasing the overall gain will increase the gain for all reflected sound waves, making all objects in the…

…The crystals are activated from one side to the other, as illustrated in Figure 2. The sequence of activation goes from right to left and…