…cannot be used It also has a rhythm control effect; plan as though cardioversion will occur Target rate in the acute phase: a resting ventricular…

…s left arm should be placed under the patient's head. This stretches in the chest wall, such that the distances between the ribs increase…

…access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4. Take…

…used to assess the one year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) who are taking anticoagulants. It was developed in 2010…

…agents Platelet transfusion has weak evidence; discuss with the on call coagulation service Always in parallel: mechanical control of bleeding, tranexamic acid where it is…

…In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added: transfusion saves no one whose bleeding is not stopped, and it is the time to haemorrhage control…

…for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in parallel with coronary angiography, the…

…minute) • Esmolol may also be used to control supraventricular tachycardia (rate control). • Esmolol may be used to reduce myocardial ischemia in the CCU or ICU…

…a vasopressor and early source control. Sepsis is a dynamic condition. Investigation and treatment must therefore proceed in parallel and must not wait for complete…

…Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic…

…Pulmonary hypertension. Blood pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic…

…treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure control and adherence, although…

…The reader will notice that most of these drugs are contraindicated in patients with structural heart disease, as well as patients with reduced left ventricular…

…atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of…

…whereas isolated ST depression in a woman with a low pre test probability is usually a false positive. Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an…

…delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more. Discuss this with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered…

…Forgetting to review the dose as the corticosteroid is tapered. The dose must come down in parallel, otherwise hypoglycaemia will follow. Discharge without a plan…

…the lung injury. Discuss with your national or regional poison control centre. An open flame or smoking in the room: a fire hazard. Preparation and…

…well delivered supportive treatment matters more than the antidote [1,2]. Telephone your national or regional poison control centre , which in most countries is staffed…

…control centre recommends it, for example certain phenoxy acid herbicides (2,4 D, MCPA) and methotrexate overdose. Tumour lysis syndrome appears as an indication in…

…therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients after acute…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…beyond glycaemic control. Proposed mechanisms include: Reduction in glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration Decreased tubular energy demand and oxygen consumption Natriuresis and diuresis Reduction in plasma…

…Glycaemic control is important for prevention of microvascular complications, but intensive glucose lowering alone has shown little or no consistent effect on cardiovascular complications in…

…used in patients who do not achieve satisfactory effects using first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular…

…rhythm monitoring Indications Palpitations, presyncope or syncope of suspected arrhythmic origin. Assessment of rate control in atrial fibrillation. Suspected paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, including after cryptogenic…

…tazobactam 4 g × 3 IV 4 days if source control has been achieved, 7 days in bacteraemia or cefotaxime plus metronidazole 1 g × 3 IV…

…rapid or precise control is required, for example in acute aortic syndrome, marked neurological organ damage, or treatment with sodium nitroprusside. In most hypertensive emergencies…

…Use of intravenous rhythm control antiarrhythmics (class I and class III) within 4 hours prior to, as well as in the first 4 hours after…

…continued for 2 to 3 weeks. IV amiodarone is generally well tolerated, even in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, though those with depressed ejection fraction…

…Term Strategies The initial approach to bradycardia management involves identifying and treating any underlying conditions or reversible causes. The first step in treating sinus bradycardia…

…events per 1000 patient years, compared with 15.0 per 1000 patient years in age matched controls without autoimmune disease. The greatest risks were reported…

…randomized trials in people with established coronary disease found fewer cardiovascular events with Mediterranean dietary interventions than with low fat control diets. In one trial…

…Its primary clinical utility in contemporary practice is late line therapy for patients who remain profoundly symptomatic despite optimal neurohormonal blockade and adequate volume control…

…despite control Hypertension with spontaneous or diuretic induced hypokalaemia Hypertension with an adrenal incidentaloma Hypertension associated with sleep apnoea Hypertension with atrial fibrillation in the…

…clear difference in mortality when comparing rate and rhythm control. However, rhythm control conveys risks (most antiarrhythmic drugs have a pro arrhythmic effect as well)…

…poison control centre, and activate the emergency medical response system using your local emergency number. Contact the nearest intensive care unit with expertise in toxicological…

…when recording during chest pain is not consistent with myocardial ischemia. In other words, chest pain caused by ischemia will always result in ischemic ST…

…is typically sufficient in patients whose atrial tachycardia is induced by the drug. Management of all other cases aligns with the approach used for atrial…

…Gain control regulates the global (overall) gain . Increasing the overall gain will increase the gain for all reflected sound waves, making all objects in the…

…Ao = aorta. The thickness of the interventricular septum (B) and the inferolateral wall (A) have also been measured. The image sector is created using…