…longer procedures and with epidural anaesthesia. Bladder washout and continuous irrigation in macroscopic haematuria with clots (a three way catheter). Instillation therapy and contrast studies…

…are also estimated using continuous Doppler. A dense regurgitant jet with rapid deceleration (short PHT) is suggestive of severe regurgitation; the leakage usually ends early…

…the Doppler line. Figure 2. Continuous wave doppler along the left ventricle, the opening of the mitral valve and the left atrium. Recall that velocities…

Cardiology Definition and pathophysiology Blood pressure is a continuous cardiovascular exposure rather than a binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with…

Echocardiography The Bernoulli principle and pressure gradients using Doppler measurements Continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler can measure the velocity of erythrocytes as they…

…diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable 12 lead ECG within 10 minutes of first medical contact, attach continuous rhythm monitoring, secure intravenous access, assess the…

…Syndrome Typical course Common or important causes Targeted examination : : : : Acute vestibular syndrome Acute or subacute onset, continuous dizziness lasting hours to days, often with nausea…

…minutes is the practical threshold for treatment, known as t1. After about 30 minutes of continuous convulsive activity, t2, the risk of permanent neuronal injury…

…has therefore not been abandoned, only redefined: continuous core temperature measurement and a target value that must never be exceeded, during the first 72 hours…

…which manifests on the electrocardiogram (ECG) as organized, continuous atrial electrical activity. This activity most commonly presents as a characteristic saw tooth pattern at rates…

…The valve is attached to the mitral annulus , which is continuous with annulus fibrosus (the fibrous ring). The mitral valve has an anterior leaflet and…

…few minutes 1. Sit the patient up and minimise physical exertion. 2. Attach continuous pulse oximetry and an ECG. 3. Give oxygen in hypoxaemia. 4…

…be confused with a venous access. Indications Continuous blood pressure monitoring in haemodynamic instability or during ongoing vasoactive treatment. Conditions in which blood pressure must…

…labyrinthitis Continuous vertigo that does not come in attacks Vestibular neuritis, central cause Marked imbalance that makes walking impossible Cerebellar infarction HINTS in continuous vertigo…

…blood pressure, peripheral perfusion, two intravenous cannulae and continuous ECG monitoring. Fluid where hypovolaemia is likely, but avoid repeated blind boluses in cardiogenic toxic shock…

…the start of the vasopressor. Time Action : : 0 to 5 min ABCDE, continuous monitoring, activate the sepsis pathway according to local practice, oxygen if hypoxaemic…

…transgastric aortic valve long axis (AVLAX) view. Method : Use continuous wave Doppler (CWD) across the aortic valve. Trace the Doppler profile to calculate the AV…

…to 15 minutes as necessary. Continuous infusion: Start infusion at 0.1 mg/min and increase in increments of 0.1 mg. Adverse effects Tachycardia…

…distinction is clinically useful but not absolute. Ejection fraction is a continuous variable and echocardiographic measurement has meaningful variability. Patients with LVEF 40% have substantial…

…PR interval, while leaving the QRS duration largely unchanged. Continuous ECG monitoring is mandated during hospital initiation to detect excessive QT prolongation, proarrhythmia, and severe…

…has recorded any shockable rhythms. In in hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) 20 30% of victims have continuous ECG monitoring (telemetry), which allows instantaneous identification of…

…end tidal carbon dioxide level. Continuous ETCO 2 monitoring is possible by means of intubation and ventilation devices equipped with sensors. A normal capnogram is…

…atria or ventricles (Figure 2). In addition, color Doppler can be used to align the continuous Doppler. Figure 2. Color Doppler reveals the direction and…

…to produce sufficient quantities of ATP. This implies that the heart requires continuous blood flow to maintain cellular function. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is…

…The maximum and mean pressure gradient is calculated using continuous wave (CW) doppler placed along the pulmonary valve in the parasternal short axis view (PSAX…

…Figure 1. The difference between pulsed wave (PW) and continuous wave (CW) Doppler. PW Doppler sends short pulses of ultrasound and analyzes reflected sound waves…

…with reduced motion and potentially fused commisures. Continuous Doppler is used to assess the stenosis. Doppler recordings are made during inspiration (velocities across the valve…

…the sore has developed. Humidification, suction and the facility to give nebulised drugs within the circuit. Monitoring: continuous pulse oximetry, ECG, blood pressure, respiratory rate…

…equipment Cycle ergometer with a braked, workload controlled resistance; 12 lead ECG with continuous recording; automated or manual blood pressure measurement. Resuscitation trolley with defibrillator…

…continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms mean a high risk even if the plasma…

…an intensive care unit, a coronary care unit or another setting that allows frequent blood pressure measurement and continuous monitoring. An arterial line is often…

…treatment of a neurologically compromised patient. Continuous glucose monitoring reflects interstitial glucose and lags behind the blood glucose during rapid changes. Pressure on the sensor…

…Enteral or parenteral nutrition Insulin is needed around the clock. A continuous infusion or repeated doses, according to the local protocol Renal failure The insulin…

…continuous therapy 20–25 mL/kg/h Net ultrafiltration < 1.75 mL/kg/h Nutrition and prophylaxis Area Guide value : : Energy 25 kcal/kg…

…red cells within 1 hour. An actual requirement of more than 3 units of red cells during any continuous hour. This corresponds to the so…

…and equipment Ultrasound with a sector probe (the same probe as for echocardiography) and a sterile probe cover. Continuous ECG, blood pressure and saturation monitoring…

…of the 50 mg/mL solution. 6. Continue with a continuous infusion of sodium bicarbonate , titrated against the urine pH. A common starting point is…

…may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The probability of MI increases continuously as the absolute hs cTn concentration rises. Early absolute changes over 1 hour provide…

…embolization, abrupt closure, or perforation. Evaluation of distal flow and myocardial perfusion. Continuous assessment of ischemia, ventricular function, blood pressure, and signs of shock. A…

…Hemodynamic and functional monitoring is central to the safe administration of these agents. Continuous blood pressure and rhythm monitoring are mandatory, particularly when utilising dobutamine…

…period of anticipated EMI. The perioperative strategy should also recognize that CRT patients may rely on continuous biventricular pacing for haemodynamic stability. In patients with…

…onset time and anticipated time to primary PCI. Patients with STEMI should be monitored in a setting capable of continuous rhythm surveillance and immediate res

…setting, patients at high risk for malignant arrhythmias should undergo continuous electrocardiogram monitoring throughout the entire peri operative period to assess rhythm stability [10]. References…

…unknown etiology. This test should be performed under continuous ECG and blood pressure monitoring and must be avoided in patients with carotid bruits, possible or…

…the true reflector. If many side lobe artifacts are generated, they may appear as a continuous structure, as illustrated in Figure 5C. Figure 5A 5C…

…The pulsed Doppler beam can be positioned using color Doppler (to visualize the direction of flow) and continuous Doppler (to locate the maximum flow velocities)…

…activity and there is a chance that ischemic episodes are missed. Indeed, studies (with continuous ST segment monitoring) show that 60% to 75% of ischemic

…criteria for ischemic ST segment elevation: New ST segment elevations in at least two anatomically contiguous leads: • Men age ≥40 years: ≥2 mm in V2…

…in the valve orifice. The ultrasound machine displays the recorded flows as the spectral curve (Pulsed wave Doppler or Continuous wave Doppler). The area within…

…rescue PCI. For the purpose of assessing ST segment return, one should preferably use continuous ST segment monitoring. If monitoring equipment is not available, 12…

…of the atrial area, then the regurgitation is severe. Vena contracta should also be measured; ≥ 0.7 cm is indicative of severe regurgitation. Continuous Doppler

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG A deep learning ECG biomarker for sudden cardiac death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG Early repolarization pattern: confused J points, notches and slurs I once had the privilige of attending a lecture…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Myocardial ischemia and infarction Myocardial ischemia The definition of ischemia may appear trivial but it is actually a very…

Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog ECG The best ECG book is not the one making it simple In the thrilling and ever evolving field…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Infectious diseases Cardiovascular effects of COVID 19 Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Coronary artery disease: On LDL cholesterol, dietary fat & statins You are probably aware that ischemic heart disease, also…

Cardiology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Endocrinology & metabolism Cardiovascular medicine is currently witnessing a paradigm shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology Continous medical discussion: the ECG blog Genetic and miscellaneous conditions A novel potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmia syndrome identified with ECG The…

…thresholds for ST segment elevation measured at the J point. The diagnostic criteria require new ST elevation in at least two contiguous leads [8, 10]…