…administered to the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin et al., involving more than…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and classification Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They…

…syndrome) and other conditions involving an accessory pathway. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first line therapies have failed and the…

…LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG…

…wave inversions and often by the development of Q waves in the same lead distribution [15]. Differential Diagnosis of ST Elevation Several nonischemic conditions can…

…magnitude of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac comorbidities, and the extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving…

…the acute phase. The chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires a well coordinated system involving both prehospital and…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Clinical Red Flags Raising Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older…

…and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the…

…and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). FH results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the…

…Brugada syndrome and hypercalcemia are discussed separately. Please refer to these articles. ECG examples of each condition are presented below. The ECG in Brugada syndrome…

…the ventricles may even be compressed during diastole. This causes adverse hemodynamic effects, and the condition is classified as cardiac tamponade. The classical signs of…

…why pericarditis may affect individuals of all ages. However, a wide range of local and systemic conditions may cause pericarditis. The most common causes are…

…is a rather peculiar and certainly acute condition. Much research has been devoted to it in recent years. Most cases (70%) of takotsubo cardiomyopathy occur…

Info A comprehensive list of conditions and drugs that may prolong the QT interval, and cause torsade de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS…

…roughly ten times as often as women, and men also display the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an…

…to MacFarlane et al) and in 2016 Patton et al did likewise (refer to Patton et al). Surprisingly, the definition of early repolarization differs slightly…

…In case of suspicion of pericardial disease, it is important to conduct a careful investigation as several conditions may affect hemodynamics and the underlying cause…

…from sudden cardiac death. Atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the fifth decade of life in several family members. Imaging studies did not…

…ACS) encompass a spectrum of clinical conditions characterized by a recent change in symptoms or signs, with or without electrocardiographic changes, and with or without…

…and the degree of hypertrophy can be used to distinguish hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from hypertrophy caused by loading conditions. In the presence of increased loading conditions…

…is also associated with a high risk of developing supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. The condition in which sinus node dysfunction is…

…I and II. However, placing lead III next to aVF makes more sense, because aVF also displays a negative T wave. The American College of…

…frequently involves the conduction system. In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction system occurs more often than sinus node involvement, and atrioventricular…

…and conditions that should prompt assessment include: Hypertension Dyspnoea Exercise intolerance Congestive HF CAD Palpitations or suspected atrial fibrillation OSA or daytime symptoms suggestive of…

…range of miscellaneous conditions. Because several mechanisms may coexist, diagnosis and classification must integrate haemodynamics with the patient’s clinical context and the results of…

…ventricular hypertrophy, and to the left in left ventricular hypertrophy). ST T segment Significant hypertrophy may result in abnormal depolarization of the ventricular myocardium. This…

…circuit) and re entry circuits are vulnerable processes that usually self terminate within minutes, hours, or days. In the vast majority of cases, the re…

…DW, Wickman LL, Swart GL. The hemodynamic and arterial blood gas response to asphyxiation: a canine model of pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 1995;30:16975…

…arrhythmic effects and lack of compelling data regarding morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions…

…2D) echocardiography and Doppler studies are sufficient to study velocities, volumes, and pressure conditions in the heart. These techniques allow for the calculation of all…

…Typically, periods of sinus node dysfunction occur after tachyarrhythmia; the combination of tachyarrhythmia and sinus node dysfunction is referred to as tachy brady syndrome . Neurocardiogenic…

…conditions, particularly in significant coronary artery stenosis. Stress can be induced pharmacologically with coronary vasodilatory agents or simulated hemodynamically through exercise or the use of…

…When assessing the right half of the heart, it is important to familiarize yourself with the principles of hemodynamics and conditions prevailing on the right…

…chest discomfort is strongly suggestive of ongoing ischemia/infarction. Among all patients with acute myocardial infarction the prevalence of right and left bundle branch block…

…as are those conditions. Regardless of etiology and ECG, ventricular tachycardia is always a potentially life threatening arrhythmia that requires immediate attention. The ventricular rate…

…within 120 minutes Fibrinolysis within 10 minutes of the diagnosis, if symptom duration is under 12 hours and there is no contraindication After successful fibrinolysis…

…mask and cap. Lidocaine 10 mg/mL for local anaesthesia in the awake patient — the anaesthetic also improves the chance of success by counteracting vascular…

…time Highest risk of pneumothorax, the vessel cannot be compressed after arterial puncture, technically more difficult with ultrasound Femoral vein Fastest, and does not interfere…

…DKA means ketosis and metabolic acidosis despite a normal or only moderately raised glucose, often below 13.9 mmol/L. The condition occurs above all…

…arthritis must be distinguished from crystal arthritis — the most important indication and an emergency procedure . An unclear arthritis, as part of the diagnostic work up…

…washes nitrogen out of the pleural air and speeds resorption. Other conditions in which high flow oxygen is given irrespective of the saturation according to…

…mitral and tricuspid inflow The echocardiographic counterpart of pulsus paradoxus Contraindications In overt tamponade with shock there are no absolute contraindications other than the conditions…

…kilograms by the square of height in meters. BMI is relevant for medical prognostication as it serves as a quick, low cost, and reliable screening…

…used to quantify the ratio of pulmonary blood flow (Qp) to systemic blood flow (Qs). This measurement is pivotal in diagnosing and managing congenital or…

…rapid and may cause reflex sympathetic stimulation, including tachycardia. May therefore induce or worsen angina pectoris. The rapid reduction of afterload is desired in conditions…

…Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance encountered in the systemic circulation…

…NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then activates calcium sensitive potassium channels in the cell membrane…

…provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE inhibitors are prescribed. Evaluation and Physical Examination Prior to…

…arrhythmias, and heart failure are among the conditions associated with myocardial injury. Relationship to chronic coronary syndromes Chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) describe stable period clinical…

…with inflammatory rheumatic disease have a higher cardiovascular risk than the general population. This excess risk has been documented across a broad range of conditions…

…Atherosclerotic and thromboembolic risk factors. Relevant predispositions, such as connective tissue disease. No single pain descriptor is diagnostic. The severity of pain also has limited…

…Summary of Pain Characteristics The following table synthesizes the key differential diagnoses and their characteristic pain patterns based on the provided context. Condition Typical Pain…

…Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia are a primary diagnostic criterion for acute MI. For procedural subtypes (types 4a and 5), the clinical presentation is inherently linked…

…conditions, including myocarditis, rapid ventricular rate atrial fibrillation, marked anaemia, hypertensive emergency, heart failure, and end stage renal disease, may produce elevated troponin concentrations. The…

…are the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase, endocardial inflammation and impaired regional contraction create conditions…

…form under high shear conditions. Disruption of an atherosclerotic plaque or injury associated with PCI exposes thrombogenic material, promoting platelet activation, aggregation, and fibrin formation…

…required. The rationale for electrical therapy over drugs is that, under monitored conditions, a controlled "dose" of electricity can immediately and safely restore sinus rhythm…

…other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and physical examination is carried out systematically and carefully without…

…unstable patients. The administration of medications (such as amiodarone and epinephrine) and defibrillation procedures should be deferred until the body temperature exceeds 30°C. This is…