…administered to the vast majority of cardiac arrest patients—can induce such pupillary responses. In a comprehensive study by Javaudin et al., involving more than…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Definition and classification Coronary anomalies are congenital abnormalities involving the origin, course, distribution, or termination of the coronary arteries. They…

…syndrome) and other conditions involving an accessory pathway. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with severe symptoms, provided that first line therapies have failed and the…

…LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of LMCA involvement is therefore critical. The 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG…

…wave inversions and often by the development of Q waves in the same lead distribution [15]. Differential Diagnosis of ST Elevation Several nonischemic conditions can…

…magnitude of the stressor, the presence of non cardiac comorbidities, and the extent of underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) and structural cardiac abnormalities. Mechanisms involving…

…the acute phase. The chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires a well coordinated system involving both prehospital and…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Clinical Red Flags Raising Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older…

…and thromboembolic disorders. Most recognised heritable cardiovascular conditions demonstrate autosomal dominant transmission, in which an affected heterozygous individual has a 50% risk of transmitting the…

…and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). FH results from pathogenic variants affecting proteins in the…