…surgeon. Myocardial rupture after myocardial infarction, and traumatic haemopericardium — these require surgery; pericardiocentesis is at best a bridge to it. A small (under 10 mm)…

…This is because it does not ensure complete drainage of the pericardium, and needles or catheters are at risk of bending or damage during chest…

…Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal extent and timing…

…and overall mortality. Ventricular dimensions are measured using an electronic caliper, with the tips positioned at the interface between the compacted myocardium and the noncompacted…

…comprehensive learning ecosystem. It includes a complete ECG book, enriched with over 600 pages, engaging video lectures, challenging tests, and versatile study tools. From basic…

…complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR interval, which is also constant. Atria and…

…per minute. If the escape rhythm has wide QRS complexes and a frequency of 20–40 it is most likely a ventricular escape rhythm. Ventricular…

…in cardiovascular harm. Complete cessation is therefore the preferred therapeutic endpoint. The cardiovascular benefits of cessation extend across primary and secondary prevention. Observational evidence indicates…

…choice between PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and medical therapy should incorporate the clinical profile, coronary anatomy, left ventricular ejection fraction, procedural factors and…

…complete QRS complex consists of a Q , R and S wave. However, all three waves may not be visible and there is always variation between…

…the plasma glucose, a blood gas and an ECG all come before complete identification of the substance. Treatment of acute poisoning consists of four parallel…

…hypovolaemia, requires a vasopressor to maintain a MAP of at least 65 mmHg and at the same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L…

…necessary ECG skills required for clinical work. You must complete the ECG course in order to obtain your certificate. New ECG test will be added…

…Moreover, STE ACS is caused by a complete coronary artery occlusion and virtually all these patients will develop myocardial infarction, which is classified as STEMI…

…for this is simple: transmural ischemia is due to a complete and proximal artery occlusion and such occlusions must be managed with immediate PCI (Percutaneous…

…2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with more severe and more protracted reactions, biphasic courses and fatal outcome. At the same time, serious adverse…

…right shoulder. A reservoir mask with a tight fitting seal, a separate nasal cannula for apnoeic oxygenation, a bag with a PEEP valve, and an…

…Chronic At least 48 hours Unknown Treated as chronic with respect to the correction limits The brain adapts to prolonged hypotonicity by extruding electrolytes and…

…to the left of the sternum, the other on the back between the left scapula and the spine. The anterolateral position also works and is…

…functional severity. Angiographic interpretation is affected by interobserver variability, and the relationship between diameter stenosis and haemodynamic significance is weak, particularly for intermediate lesions. Even…

…mid QRS in at least two left facing leads [7]. These stricter parameters correlate more closely with abnormal LV mechanical function and the potential benefit…

…C goal. Complete intolerance is uncommon. Most patients who report intolerance can ultimately take some form of statin therapy after systematic reassessment and rechallenge. The…

…Deasy et al ). A complete airway obstruction results in PEA and cardiac arrest within 8 minutes. Cardiac arrest as a result of asphyxia or hypoxia…

…patient at a 15–30° left lateral angle to relieve pressure on the major vessels. A large uterus exerts pressure on the descending aorta and…

…acute coronary syndromes. The LMCA supplies a large myocardial territory through the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex (LCx) arteries (Figure 1). Acute obstruction…

…the ventricles. First degree AV block is rarely serious and may be left untreated in the vast majority of cases (exceptions are discussed later). Second…

…a complete coronary artery occlusion leads to transmural ischemia, affecting a larger portion of the myocardium, thereby intensifying chest pain. In contrast, NSTEMI and UA…

…ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4…

…of breathing, level of consciousness and PEF improve at the same time. Acute severe asthma is characterised by bronchospasm, mucosal oedema and mucus plugging. Expiratory…

…The local stroke protocol and immediate contact with the on call stroke consultant or the thrombectomy centre take precedence where there is a discrepancy or…

…tissue thaw completely between cycles — it is the freeze–thaw–freeze cycle that causes cell death, not the cold alone. The temperature at the outer…

…level of consciousness without a protected airway — a risk of aspiration Medicinal charcoal A corrosive substance (acid, alkali) — it makes endoscopic assessment more difficult and…

…Change the swab between strokes. 3. Instil 10–20 mL of lidocaine gel into the urethra. Pinch the meatus closed and wait at least 3…

…for at least 5 days Mechanical aortic valve 2.5–3.5 Some centres use 2.0–3.0 with a modern bileaflet prosthesis and…

…A complete report should ideally include: Total Agatston score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected…

…are associated with increased postoperative mortality and should influence the choice between PCI and CABG. Physical examination findings are not specific to left main disease…

…interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon, is recommended when both revascularization strategies are feasible, particularly in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical presentation and symptoms…

…disruption. Infarct expansion and, in some cases, a dissecting haematoma may precede rupture. The tear commonly develops at the interface between infarcted and viable myocardium…

…electrolyte disorders). QT duration is inversely related to heart rate; QT duration increases at slow heart rates and vice versa . Hence, the QT duration must…

…episodes and serious harm. This evaluation should include a detailed history, thorough questioning of eyewitnesses, and a complete physical and neurologic examination. Blood pressure and…

…Syndrome) : STE ACS occurs when plaque rupture, and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium…

…however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of myocardial necrosis (infarction) Myocardium can endure 20 to 30 minutes of complete ischemia…

…a monophasic R wave instead of qR complex. The electrical axis will be shifted to the left (left axis deviation), ranging between 45° and 90°…

…bundle branches. This type of first degree AV block often progresses to third degree (complete) AV block, and therefore necessitates an artificial pacemaker. Blocks located…

…adenosine receptors, should be avoided for at least 12 hours before testing. Dobutamine : Contraindicated in patients with severe hypertension, unstable angina, and significant arrhythmias. Absolute…

…During complete heart block (third degree AV block) the block may be located anywhere between the atrioventricular node and the bifurcation of the bundle of…

…at the time was primarily fibrinolysis (Wilner et al.). Their findings revealed that a substantial number of these patients had complete coronary artery occlusions, and…

…C). One large box equals 100 ms at paperspeed 25 mm/s. Figure 2 shows 12 lead ECGs demonstrating right and left bundle branch blocks…

…angina progress to myocardial infarction within 30 days if left untreated. Moreover, the pathophysiology of NSTEMI and unstable angina is very similar: both are due…

…limb of the R wave and/or notch in the descending limb of the S wave In case of complete/incomplete bundle branch block or…

…Basically, the index marker is used to determine left and right in the obtained image. Figure 1 illustrates how the index marker is used for…

…a complete compensatory pause which means that the next sinus beat will occur on schedule. The interval between the sinus beats occurring before and after…

…also known as Wenckebach block. Clinicians frequently find it difficult to differentiate between Mobitz type 1 and Mobitz type 2. A very simple rule of…

…Syndrome) : STE ACS occurs when plaque rupture, and the ensuing atherothrombosis, causes a complete occlusion of the coronary artery. Ischemia will extend from the endocardium…

…demonstrate that the available interventions are time sensitive, and to maximize the likelihood of restoring spontaneous circulation, interventions should be adapted to the current phase…

…required to complete each frame. Thus, the temporal resolution is reduced by enlarging the image sector. The opposite is also true; frame rate, and thus…

…with rate at 60–100 beats per minute. As in ventricular rhythm the QRS complex is wide with discordant ST T segment and the rhythm…

…Prolonged QT at baseline (uncorrected 440 ms), or severe bradycardia, sinus node dysfunction or second degree and third degree heart block in the absence of…

…marked salivation or increasing weakness, and give atropine. 8. Monitor for at least 30 minutes after the test has been completed. Alternatives when edrophonium is…

…Moisture completes a circuit across the mucosa, hydroxide ions are generated at the negative pole of the battery and produce a liquefactive necrosis that can…