…ecgwaves.com. This website provides a comprehensive learning ecosystem. It includes a complete ECG book, enriched with over 600 pages, engaging video lectures, challenging tests…

…or other major adverse cardiovascular events. Complete revascularization is therefore considered an important therapeutic objective, particularly in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD…

…Thus, with regards to measuring ventricular dimensions, trabeculae and papillary muscles are considered part of the left ventricular cavity. Other dimensions– including atrial dimensions, mitral…

…a complete or nearly complete coronary arterial obstruction that has persisted for at least 30 days. CTOs are common among patients undergoing coronary angiography, with…

Info The ECG shows AV block III (complete heart block). P waves are not related to QRS. PP interval is constant, but independent of RR…

…narrow or wide QRS complexes, depending on where the impulses are discharged and whether there is a concomitant bundle branch block. Escape rhythms with narrow…

…and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible, other inhaled nicotine products…

…blood flow is not completely obstructed). NSTE ACS typically presents with ST segment depressions and/or T wave inversions. Most patients with NSTE ACS will…

…complete diagnosis or for grading. Antihistamines, corticosteroids, inhaled bronchodilators and nebulised adrenaline never replace intramuscular adrenaline [1,2]. Delayed administration of adrenaline is associated with…

…Dipyridamole, Regadenoson : Should be avoided in patients with active bronchospasm, severe hypotension, or high degree AV block. Caffeine and other methylxanthines, which antagonize adenosine receptors…

…treatment. 5. With severe symptoms: give hypertonic saline immediately. Do not wait for a complete work up of the cause or for imaging. 6. Document…

…respiratory or haemodynamic failure that cannot be corrected quickly. Rapid sequence induction is used when intubation is required [1]. In salicylate poisoning, intubation with an…

…or a need for a vasopressor After initial stabilisation Repeat the lactate if it was raised and follow the trend together with the clinical perfusion…

…necessary ECG skills required for clinical work. You must complete the ECG course in order to obtain your certificate. New ECG test will be added…

…stenoses. Higher scores indicate more diffuse or technically complex disease and are associated with a greater relative advantage for CABG over PCI in multivessel disease…

…examples of naming of the QRS complex. Net direction of the QRS complex The QRS complex can be classified as net positive or net negative…

…cause apnea or hypoventilation. Respiratory conditions : Tension pneumothorax Drowning Airway obstruction Hanging Pneumonia High altitude sickness Aspiration Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other …

…cardiac arrest in a pregnant individual, either within or outside the hospital, prompt communication with an obstetrician and neonatologist is critical. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should…

…opportunity for reperfusion. In addition, some patients present with severe LMCA stenosis exacerbated by other conditions, and these must also be recognized. Prompt identification of…

…QRS duration. A QRS duration of 120 ms (0.12 s) or more is required to diagnose a complete left bundle branch block . In addition…

…when time allows. There is complete upper airway obstruction where laryngoscopy will not succeed; plan for a surgical airway or awake fibreoptic intubation. A difficult…

…spinal needle or the needle from a pericardiocentesis set), 10 mL and 20 mL syringes, a three way tap. A Seldinger set with a guidewire…

…newly discovered complete heart block without current symptoms, alternating bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk…

…A complete report should ideally include: Total Agatston score Calcium score in each coronary vessel Age , sex , and race based percentile Comparison with the expected…

…flow distal to a stenosis with the pressure that would be available in the absence of that stenosis. The complete physiological formulation considers coronary venous…

…V6), while ST segments are elevated and T waves are typically upright in leads with predominantly negative QRS complexes (such as V1 and V2) [7]…

…disorders Acute infection Renal or hepatic impairment Hypothyroidism Vitamin D deficiency Concomitant interacting medications The SLCO1B1 rs4149056 polymorphism is associated with higher statin concentrations and…

…bradyarrhythmias or tachyarrhythmias, AV block, acute myocardial ischemia, old myocardial infarction, long QT, and bundle branch block. Cardiac monitoring is indicated for patients with a…

…cardiac arrest Cardiac arrest associated with tamponade has an exceptionally poor prognosis. In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely…

…display either symptoms or ECG changes consistent with myocardial infarction/ischemia. Most patients, however, display both ECG changes and symptoms. Troponins and other biomarkers of…

…more advanced block (second or third degree AV block). A pacemaker is often necessary in individuals with first degree AV block and wide QRS complexes…

…or no visible P wave. The QRS complex is generally normal, unless there is concomitant intraventricular conduction disturbance. Figure 1 (below) displays two ECGs with…

…Premature ventricular contractions in bigeminy. Two consecutive premature ventricular contractions are referred to as a pair or couplet. If 3 to 30 premature ventricular contractions…

…is simple: transmural ischemia is due to a complete and proximal artery occlusion and such occlusions must be managed with immediate PCI (Percutaneous Coronary Angiography)…

…or mechanical complications, is much less common in the acute phase. The chain of care in acute STEMI Optimal care for patients with STEMI requires…

…Wheeze with preserved air entry Marked wheeze or reduced air entry Silent or nearly silent chest pCO₂ Low Usually low Normal or raised Other Moderate…

…dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window, or when thrombectomy can start at the…

…margin must be included in the freeze. Contraindications Absolute: Suspected melanoma or any other pigmented lesion of uncertain diagnosis. A lesion in which histology is…

…delayed — may justify charcoal later, in some cases up to 6 hours or more. Discuss this with the poison control centre. Gastric lavage is considered…

…Indications Acute urinary retention. Chronic urinary retention with renal impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a…

…an antiplatelet drug or nothing Preparation and equipment INR, full blood count, creatinine with eGFR and liver function tests before starting. A complete medication list…

…of complete revascularisation. The clinical evaluation includes: Symptom burden and functional limitation Evidence of heart failure Haemodynamic stability Diabetes status Renal dysfunction and other important…

…immediately life threatening; reported in hospital mortality was 42.4% for STEMI associated mechanical complications and 18% for those associated with NSTEMI. The timing of…

…for depolarization and repolarization. It is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. Prolonged QT duration predisposes…

…display rS complexes. Causes of left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) LAFB may occur in persons who are otherwise healthy. The majority of those with LAFB…

…or obscure acute myocardial ischemia and infarction, creating significant diagnostic challenges. These complexities led researchers to study patients presenting with LBBB and suspected acute myocardial…

…follows: QRS complex with more than 1 R wave and/or notch in the descending limb of the R wave and/or notch in the…

…of impulses. Intense parasympathetic activity can result in a complete blockage of impulse conduction. If such blockage persists for 6 seconds or more, syncope occurs…

…examinations In small children, it is possible to perform the entire transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) with the child in the supine position. This is possible due…

…being followed by QRS complexes. This condition is further categorized into two distinct subtypes: type 1 (also known as Mobitz type 1 or Wenckebach block)…

…T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less completed. Post ischemic…

…may be delivered to both bundle branches and subsequently the entire ventricular myocardium normally. This may yield a ventricular rhythm with narrow QRS complexes. However…

…artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load…

…artery disease has been classified into the following three syndromes: Stable angina pectoris : Symptoms appear primarily during exercise or other situations with increased myocardial load…

…ms). Increasing the number of ultrasound lines or image depth will reduce the frame rate since more time is required to complete each frame. Thus…

…photograph or video. 3. Give atropine 0.5 mg intravenously (alternatively glycopyrronium 0.2 mg) to reduce the risk of a cholinergic vagal reaction with…

…Contraindications Absolute: that you cannot see the object, or cannot reach it with the instruments available. Do not then try "by feel" — refer to ENT…

…given. Each infusion should be completed, even if the patient reverts to sinus rhythm. Th e infusion must be aborted if hypotension or bradycardia occurs…

…renal replacement therapy. The study found no significant differences between the two treatment groups with respect to either the primary or secondary outcomes. Primary outcome…

…myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with at least one value above the assay specific 99th percentile upper reference limit;…