…dialysis catheter, not an ordinary triple lumen catheter). Measurement of central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation. Repeated blood sampling during intensive care. Exhausted…

…pathophysiology Congestion is a central expression of the heart failure syndrome and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and pathophysiology Lipid lowering therapy is a central component of cardiovascular prevention, particularly in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD…

…Exercise stress test Evaluation of the exercise stress test (exercise ECG) The ECG reaction has always been a central component of the exercise stress test…

…20% of atrial size 4 10 cm² or 20 40% of atrial size 10 cm² or 40% of atrial size Jet orientation central variable excentric…

…of RV dysfunction. Catastrophic or “supermassive” PE refers to refractory cardiogenic shock or the need for ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Mechanical circulatory support, including extracorporeal membrane…

…and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet activation and…

…with functional assessment. A central practical principle is that the visual severity of a stenosis does not reliably establish its haemodynamic importance. A lesion that…

…DAPT) is the combined use of aspirin and an oral P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. It is central to the prevention of platelet mediated coronary thrombosis after…

…a more structured form of physical activity undertaken to maintain or improve physical fitness. Regular physical activity is a central component of cardiovascular prevention and…

…and permanent—and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications…

…disease (COPD) Bronchospasm (asthma) Other : Coma Central hypoventilation syndromes Neuromuscular diseases Anemia The natural course of asphyxia Should ventilation be entirely inhibited (as seen in…

…most important dangerous differential diagnosis. Clear focal neurological findings are absent in roughly half of patients with a central cause. A normal routine neurological examination…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…a central venous catheter and an arterial line is necessary to achieve an optimal result. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Vasoconstriction Vasodilatation Positive inotropy Phenylephrine…

…bore access, or rapid central access, but do not delay transfusion or control of the bleeding in order to obtain a central venous catheter. 4…

…serum concentration. Alkalinisation increases renal elimination several fold and at the same time reduces the passage of salicylate into the central nervous system. Contact your…

…hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1…

…= (CO × SVR) + Central Venous Pressure (CVP) This equation illustrates that MAP is determined by the volume of blood the heart pumps and the resistance…

…The central therapeutic aim is symptom control rather than modification of long term cardiovascular outcomes. With the important exception of beta blockers in selected patients…

…conduction is consistently located in the posterolateral to posteromedial inferior region of the right atrium. This circuit also relies on a central area of block…

…Considerations The central pathophysiological concern in the emergency department is myocardial ischaemia caused by an acute coronary process. Myocardial injury leads to release of cardiac…

…characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)…

…greater burden of cardiovascular and non cardiovascular comorbidity than patients with reduced EF. Pathophysiology Abnormal ventricular relaxation and increased filling pressures The central hemodynamic abnormality…

…CAD before the result of a new test is known. The pre test probability is central because the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends…

…angiogenic signalling. A central biochemical feature is an imbalance between antiangiogenic and angiogenic factors. Placental production of soluble fms like tyrosine kinase 1 increases, whereas…

…before resistant hypertension can be defined. The central physiological contributors include excess salt intake and salt and water retention, particularly when kidney function is impaired…

…pressures are reduced. The central management principle is preservation of adequate right ventricular preload while supporting left ventricular performance and systemic circulation. Improvement in left…

…virtually all of the beta blocking activity. Sotalol does not block alpha adrenoceptors and lacks sodium channel blocking activity, meaning it exerts no membrane stabilizing…

…for the selected treatment to restore flow. Early reperfusion is therefore the central priority of STEMI systems of care. Fibrinolysis promotes thrombus dissolution by converting…

…defibrillation capability and expedited reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest…

…but redistribution of blood volume and increased ventricular contractility occur consistently. Exaggerated activation of a central reflex produces a stereotypic response: an initial increase in…

…rapidity of onset, is of paramount importance. The primary concern in correcting hyponatremia is the prevention of osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS), previously known as central…

…episodes Iatrogenic events (e.g., during central venous catheter insertion) Underlying lung pathologies In cases of benign pneumothorax, positive pressure ventilation can precipitate a tension…

…principles of exercise test protocols will also be discussed in this article. Metabolic equivalent (MET): measuring oxygen consumption Estimation of oxygen consumption is central to…

…central principle to all hemodynamic calculations is the Doppler effect, which was discussed previously (see Doppler Effect and Doppler Echocardiography). Only a brief summary of…

…hemodynamic monitoring with ECG, central vein catheter and intra arterial catheter (A line) is warranted. Overview of vasopressors and inotropes Inotropes and vasopressors. Table 1…

…PiCCO, central venous catheter). The hemodynamic effects persist for 7–10 days after the end of infusion. Refer to Table 2 for a comparison between…

…Biological death usually occurs within minutes thereafter; survival is highly unlikely after 8–10 minutes of no flow (i.e. cardiac arrest without any circulation)…

…withdrawal. Benzodiazepines enhance the function of the GABA A receptor and are cross tolerant with alcohol. They therefore treat the central mechanism underlying withdrawal, unlike…

…and a warm, well perfused hand carry more weight. Choice of vessel The radial artery is the first choice : superficial, easy to compress, with a…

…why mixed acid base disorders are missed. The blood gas describes the physiology at the moment of sampling, but does not by itself identify the…

…poisoning, withdrawal or several factors Inattention is central. A simple check is to ask the patient to recite the months of the year backwards. A…

…kg over 20–60 min Central access for a longer infusion Metoprolol 5 mg IV, repeated to a maximum of 15 mg 0.1 mg…

…indexed Aortic annulus 20 31 mm 12 14 mm/m2 Sinuses of Valsalva 29 45 mm 15 20 mm/m2 Sinotubular junction 22 36 mm…

…or a very strong clinical suspicion. 3. Give intravenous calcium in the presence of hyperkalaemic ECG changes or arrhythmia. 4. Shift potassium into the cells…

…care 3 Take at least two sets of blood cultures from separate peripheral punctures. Also culture from a central line if one is present 4…

…salicylate poisoning, intubation with an inadequate minute ventilation can rapidly worsen the acidaemia and increase the entry of salicylate into the central nervous system. Discuss…

…cannulae 0 to 10 min A blood gas with lactate, two sets of blood cultures, and a culture from the likely focus 0 to 15…

…A ventilator, an arterial line, a central venous catheter, ECG monitoring, blood gases. Drugs for sedation, analgesia and control of shivering. Procedure 1. Start temperature…

…bundle branch block in acute anterior infarction, and before drugs or procedures with a known risk of bradycardia. Transvenous pacing is chosen when the need…

…early diastolic early diastolic holodiastolic Quantification of regurgitant jet Mild regurgitation Moderate regurgitation Severe regurgitation Jet width / LVOT width < 0,25 0,25 0…

Info Table 1 provides a summary of the indications, contraindications, dosage, administration, warnings, precautions, and other relevant information for the drug Ticagrelor . Table 1 Summary…

…distal to the suspected obstruction Arterial and venous Doppler signals Evidence of systemic disease or a potential embolic source Neurological assessment is central to triage…

…a central vein, the initial dose should be reduced. Dosage and Dose Escalation To terminate tachycardia, adenosine is rapidly injected intravenously at initial doses of…

…consequently central to diagnosis and long term management. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe the typical symptoms or symptom burden of…

…may produce cardiorenal syndrome. Worsening renal function in the presence of persistent congestion is particularly associated with elevated central venous pressure, which is transmitted to…

…and 3 MI, clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia is central. Symptoms of myocardial ischaemia are a primary diagnostic criterion for acute MI. For procedural…

…Chronic: more than 90 days. The central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause…

…therapy, with or without other lipid lowering treatment. The durability of the response is central to its clinical use. After the initial treatment phase, administration…