…remains the foundation of lipid lowering treatment for patients with chronic coronary syndrome, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, and other very high…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out by anyone, including laymen without prior training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prompt delivery of chest compressions…

…result, pupils often dilate widely within 30–120 seconds of cardiac arrest and light reactivity is lost when cerebral blood flow ceases. In other words…

…days of symptom onset in the source material. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Aortic dissection is an uncommon cause of acute chest pain but carries a…

…autosomal dominant family, whereas heterozygous carriers of an X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic…

…Use of cannabis, electronic cigarettes or other inhaled products. Readiness to attempt cessation. Depression, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, HIV infection or other circumstances that may affect…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

…circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial…

…discomfort) or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and physical examination is carried out systematically and…

…C = total cholesterol − HDL C Apolipoprotein B (apoB) reflects the concentration of circulating atherogenic particles because each apoB containing particle carries one apoB molecule…

…Untreated delirium tremens has historically carried a high mortality. With modern sedation, supportive treatment and treatment of the precipitating illness the prognosis is considerably better…

…to Evaluation of coronary artery disease and angina pectoris). Yet, exercise stress testing provides a fundamental parameter that cannot be obtained by other imaging methods…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

…hyponatraemia chiefly carries a risk of cerebral oedema, while rapid correction of chronic hyponatraemia carries a risk of demyelination [5]. The severity of the symptoms…

…or raised Other Moderate work of breathing Accessory muscle use Cyanosis, exhaustion, hypotension or collapse The classification is based on a combination of clinical findings…

…Delirium is common but often missed. On medical and geriatric wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high…

ECG Introduction The traditional classification of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) into ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non STEMI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina (UA) has…

…of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of…

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

…men 1.0 mmol/L Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High…

…Assessment of prolapse. Sampling for a suspected sexually transmitted infection — although chlamydia and gonorrhoea can be tested on urine or a self taken vaginal sample…

…wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the…

…been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of heart failure is virtually synonymous with knowledge of HFREF…

…been carried out in HFREF (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) . Thus, our current knowledge of heart failure is virtually synonymous with knowledge of HFREF…

…carried out by anyone. The reader will gradually notice that ECG interpretation is markedly facilitated by using an algorithm, as it minimizes the risk of…

…Relative The contralateral side of the septum already cauterised — bilateral cautery carries a risk of perforation Anterior packing: Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

… progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be mediated partly by oxidized phospholipids carried on the…

…is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the…

…sample. Indications Diagnostic paracentesis: Newly detected ascites — always. Every admission of a patient with known ascites. Clinical deterioration in a cirrhotic patient with ascites: fever…

…caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Clinically this usually corresponds to an acute increase in the SOFA score of at least 2 points…

…estimate of SCD risk, which facilitates informed discussions between clinicians and patients. This is particularly important when considering ICD implantation, as the procedure carries both…