…measurement of urine output. Baseline tests: blood gas with electrolytes, sodium, potassium, ionised calcium, creatinine, CK in rhabdomyolysis, and salicylate concentration in poisoning. Procedure 1…

…activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by CN III) then prompt sphincter muscles in the iris to constrict the pupil. Under normal conditions…

…chain of survival, it is the first 3 actions that are fundamental for survival. Furthermore, the same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out…

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

…Winter T waves, Wellens syndrome, posterior infarction signs, and terminal QRS distortion—compared to standard STEMI criteria. Observational data suggest that up to 30% of…

…of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of…

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

…Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High sensitivity troponin T < 14…

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

…circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial…

…major modifiable driver of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Its relationship with cardiovascular risk is nonlinear: even light smoking carries a substantial proportion of the excess…

…autosomal dominant family, whereas heterozygous carriers of an X linked condition may develop a phenotype later and require delayed or individualized assessment. Disease specific genetic…

…non HDL C primarily reflect cholesterol content. The amount of cholesterol carried by individual particles varies according to particle size and composition. As a result…

…Seizures later than this, focal seizures or status epilepticus should raise strong suspicion of another or an additional cause [1]. Delirium tremens most often begins…

…wishes are properly established. Two things determine the outcome — that the confirmation of death is carried out in a formally unimpeachable way, and that the…

…or other symptoms suggestive of the five conditions listed above. It is important that history taking and physical examination is carried out systematically and carefully…

…Table 1. Types of heart failure. Type Description Ejection fraction (%) HFREF Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction <40% HFmrEF Heart Failure with midrange Ejection Fraction…

…Table 1. Types of heart failure. Type Description Ejection fraction (%) HFREF Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction <40% HFmrEF Heart Failure with midrange Ejection Fraction…

…retrograde (inverted) P waves, which can be located anywhere between the J point and the terminal part of the T wave. PR interval 0,22…

…Contraindications Cautery: Type Contraindication : : Absolute The source of bleeding cannot be identified Relative A pacemaker or ICD when monopolar electrocautery is used Relative A cochlear…

…hours duration): Due to cellular adaptations, rapid correction carries the risk of inducing osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS). It is therefore recommended to raise serum sodium…

… progression of calcific aortic stenosis; enhancement of a prothrombotic state. Its atherogenic and inflammatory effects may be mediated partly by oxidized phospholipids carried on the…

…a PEF below 33 percent or signs of ventilatory failure means life threatening illness [1,2]. Important interpretation of the blood gas A normal or…

…is a risk of blood contact. An alcohol or chlorhexidine swab. Let the skin dry completely before inserting the needle — alcohol carried in with the…

…paracentesis 1. Scan the left lower quadrant. Confirm at least 2–3 cm of free fluid depth with no bowel in the path of the…

…MAP of at least 65 mmHg and at the same time has a lactate above 2 mmol/L. This combination carries a high mortality [1…

…affecting 1 in 500 individuals in most societies. HCM is also the most common cause of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young individuals and during…

…settings, while the broader lipid lowering recommendation refers to a recurrent event without requiring that it be of the same type as the initial event…

…below 1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL). The proportional reduction in cardiovascular risk is related to the absolute reduction in LDL C, regardless of…

…carried out on a treadmill. In many parts of the world, the bicycle is preferred over the treadmill, as will be discussed later. Role of…

…a controlled fashion, since too rapid a rise can cause osmotic demyelination syndrome [1,2]. Hyponatraemia is primarily a disorder of water balance. The plasma…

…wards a substantial proportion of older patients are affected, and the incidence is particularly high after hip fracture, major surgery and intensive care [1,2]…