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Urinary alkalinisation

…measurement of urine output. Baseline tests: blood gas with electrolytes, sodium, potassium, ionised calcium, creatinine, CK in rhabdomyolysis, and salicylate concentration in poisoning. Procedure 1…

Assessment of the pupillary reflex in cardiac arrest

…activate the Edinger–Westphal nuclei. Parasympathetic fibers (carried by CN III) then prompt sphincter muscles in the iris to constrict the pupil. Under normal conditions…

The chain of survival in sudden cardiac arrest

…chain of survival, it is the first 3 actions that are fundamental for survival. Furthermore, the same actions (1 through 3) can be carried out…

Immediate Management of Type A and Type B Aortic Dissection

…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

A New Approach to Acute Coronary Syndromes: Occlusion MI (OMI) vs. Non-Occlusion MI (NOMI)

…Winter T waves, Wellens syndrome, posterior infarction signs, and terminal QRS distortion—compared to standard STEMI criteria. Observational data suggest that up to 30% of…

Exercise stress test on cycle ergometer

…of function and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of…

Status epilepticus: quick reference for emergency treatment

…2,3]. Respiratory complications occur, but untreated convulsive status itself carries a considerable risk of hypoxia and respiratory failure. In placebo controlled trials, respiratory depression…

Common laboratory tests

…Triglycerides < 1.7 mmol/L 10 carries a risk of pancreatitis Cardiac markers and coagulation Test Reference Comment : : : High sensitivity troponin T < 14…

Gynaecological examination and cervical smear

Procedurer For many patients a gynaecological examination is associated with a sense of exposure, and technically correct performance is only half the task. The examination…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…circumflex coronary territories. Because these vessels perfuse a large proportion of the left ventricular myocardium, left main disease carries a substantial prognostic significance. The myocardial…

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