…interpreted as specialist investigations. Both fail more often for practical than for medical reasons: the cuff is in the wrong place, the electrodes come off…

Echocardiography Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined as dilation of one or both ventricles. Dilation of the left ventricle is virtually always accompanied…

…represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology…

…by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic information regarding cardiovascular risk. Thresholds vary among guideline systems: Classification…

…a precisely regulated electrical shock to terminate a tachyarrhythmia, and it encompasses both synchronized cardioversion and defibrillation ; the key distinction is timing relative to the…

…etiologies when promptly and appropriately addressed. Both venous and arterial blood gases can be utilized for the analysis of electrolyte levels. Electrocardiography (ECG) serves as…

Arrhythmias and arrhythmology ECG Definition of sinus arrhythmia (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) Sinus arrhythmia and respiratory sinus arrhythmia both refer to the same phenomenon. Sinus arrhythmia…

…of reversible causes, continuing staging, and treatment directed at both the cause and the severity [1]. Three questions must be answered immediately: 1. Is there…

…and the system is incorrectly damped . Both are checked in under a minute, and both are routinely missed. The third thing to know by heart…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…reaches hospital early. The benefit of both methods falls steeply with the time since ingestion, and both can harm the patient through aspiration. Contact your…

…which causes the shoulder injury known as SIRVA. Both are avoided with the right landmark and the right needle length. Indications Route Typical drugs Absorption :…

…in order to optimise or correct the haemodynamics. Most agents exert both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). What follows is a quick reference for…

…frequently combined to achieve the desired hemodynamic outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroprusside provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation of both arterioles and veins via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…to improve the prediction of long term outcomes after revascularization. It incorporates both anatomical (from the original SYNTAX Score) and clinical variables (e.g., age…

…2019 (COVID 19) has caused a global public health crisis. It is believed that the virus was transmitted from bats to humans in Wuhan, China…

…functional capacity, and health related quality of life substantially influence both cardiovascular risk and the balance between treatment benefit and harm. Prevention in the very…

…and SCORE2 Older Persons (SCORE2 OP) are European risk prediction models designed to estimate 10 year risk of both fatal and non fatal CVD events…

…1.73 m², excess urinary albumin excretion—typically a spot urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) above 30 mg/g—or both. The eGFR is…

…and reflects excessive retention of sodium and water, with expansion of both the intravascular and extravascular compartments. Heart failure is defined physiologically by the inability…

…It is frequently clinically silent, which promotes both patient and clinician inertia and contributes to inadequate long term control. The treatment objective is individualized blood…

…myocardial viability. Both techniques rely on intravenous radiopharmaceuticals that are taken up by myocardial tissue. The distribution of retained tracer provides tomographic information about relative…

…adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine that functions as an agonist of both beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors, with variable effects on…

…team, including an interventional cardiologist and cardiac surgeon, is recommended when both revascularization strategies are feasible, particularly in complex multivessel or left main disease. Clinical…

…thereby exerting combined class II and class III antiarrhythmic effects. The drug comprises both d and l isomers, which share similar efficacy in prolonging repolarization…

…syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as…

…discussed, all cardiac cells—both conduction and contractile cells—must undergo rapid repolarization to ensure they are excitable when the next action potential occurs. If…

…of enlargement, namely hypertrophy and dilatation. Both hypertrophy and enlargement may reduce atrial and ventricular function as well as predispose to significant arrhythmias. Typically, atrial…

…Europe, while treadmill testing is predominant in the United States. Treadmill and cycle ergometer both have their advantages and disadvantages, which will be discussed below…

…chapters (see The 3 Phase Model of Cardiac Arrest). Both chest compressions and defibrillation are paramount in restoring cardiac electrical activity, hence rhythm and contractility…

…frequently combined to achieve the desired hemodynamic outcome. Most agents exhibit both vasopressor and inotropic effects (Figure 1). Below follows a drug manual for use…

…the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, both at the population and individual levels. Several prediction models have been developed and validated for…

…hand, are much less likely to be caused by ischemia ( Figure 1 B ). This is noted in both North American and European guidelines. However, a…

…6. Measure the blood pressure, initially in both arms if this can be done without losing time. 7. Perform urgent CT of the brain and…

…raise pH respectively. A patient may therefore have both an acidosis and an alkalosis at the same time despite a normal pH. The lungs compensate…

…circumference — a cuff that is too narrow gives a falsely high reading The cuff at heart level Measure in both arms at the first visit…

…abandoning the procedure. Choice of site The posterior superior iliac spine is the standard site for both aspiration and biopsy in adults. Here the posterior…

…intubation are the two mechanisms that kill patients during airway management , and both are predictable. Indications Inability to protect the airway: reduced level of consciousness…

…0.5 or toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute…

…tumour, primary biliary cholangitis, drugs Mixed Both raised Drug induced liver injury is the commonest cause Isolated bilirubin Unconjugated, the others normal Gilbert's syndrome…

…G5 < 15 Kidney failure Albuminuria Albuminuria is an independent risk marker for both kidney failure and cardiovascular death — a patient with an eGFR of…

…bleeding risk prediction in AF patients, the HAS BLED score demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to both HEMORR₂HAGES and ATRIA. The HAS BLED score had…

…pressure control. Mechanism of action Nitroglycerin provides nitric oxide (NO) that induces vasodilatation (of both arterioles and veins) via generation of cyclic GMP, which then…

…10% of cases. Intermediate high risk PE occurs in haemodynamically stable patients with both RV dysfunction on imaging and elevated cardiac biomarkers. Intermediate low risk…

…hepatic metabolism, yielding desethylamiodarone as a major active metabolite. Both the parent drug and its metabolite accumulate extensively in various tissues, including the liver, lung…

…complications than patients without AF; both short and long term prognosis are worse than in patients who remain in sinus rhythm. Several mechanisms may account…

…and travels in a counterclockwise direction. The activation wavefront propagates in a craniocaudal direction down the right atrial free wall, traverses the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI…

…Gender encompasses sociocultural roles, behaviours, relationships, power structures and social expectations. Both influence the prevalence, manifestations, diagnosis, management, treatment response and outcomes of cardiovascular disease…

…risk of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. Management must therefore address both cerebrovascular risk and the broader atherosclerotic burden. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms Asymptomatic disease…

…used quantification method is the Agatston score, which incorporates both the area and radiographic density of coronary calcification. CAC therefore functions primarily as an imaging…

…dyspnea and nausea (anginal equivalents) [7]. Clinicians must consider both cardiac and non cardiac etiologies [1]. Cardiac Causes The primary differential diagnoses include conditions that…

…with revascularization. After elective PCI for CCS , particularly after stent implantation. In both situations, DAPT is generally a temporary strategy. At an appropriate point, it…

…have apparently preserved global systolic emptying while exhibiting impaired relaxation, increased passive stiffness, or both. Consequently, relatively small increases in venous return can produce disproportionate…

…not a disease specific marker of myocardial infarction (MI). MI requires both: Acute myocardial injury, demonstrated by a rising and/or falling troponin pattern with…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

…repeated ischemic episodes or chronic reductions in perfusion. The amount and distribution of both viable and nonviable myocardium, together with coronary anatomy and the feasibility…

…50%. Severe proximal disease of both the proximal left anterior descending and proximal left circumflex arteries may constitute a functional equivalent of left main disease…

…when the patent donor artery is injected. The collateral circulation therefore has both physiological importance and procedural relevance. The principal anatomical determinants of CTO PCI…

…exercise volumes; therefore, prevention strategies should address both increasing activity and reducing time spent sitting. The relationship between activity and cardiovascular benefit is curvilinear. The…