…QRS complexes vary from one beat to another (in the same lead). This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in…

…Rheumatoid arthritis RA is associated with increased carotid intima–media thickness, early plaque formation and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Women with RA were reported to have…

…Turn the head 45° to the right. 3. Support the head and lay the patient quickly into the supine position with the head extended approximately…

…slightest suspicion of septic arthritis. If the picture is unclear — aspirate, send a culture, await the result and inject later. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in…

…Mix the corticosteroid and the lidocaine in the same syringe. The anaesthetic confirms that the injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief…

…be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up…

…cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep…

…to compression The ankle brachial index measured with Doppler determines whether compression may be applied at all, and if so at what pressure. Palpable foot…

…erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to…

…Additionally, pulmonary hypertension can propagate further backward to the right ventricle and right atrium, leading to right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure…

…pericarditis (inflammation of the pericardial sac) is difficult to discern from myocarditis (inflammation of the myocardial tissue) and because they tend to accompany each other…

…from other mechanisms. Differential diagnoses and alternative causes of troponin release must therefore be considered throughout assessment. Coronary disease is most commonly related to atheromatous…

…s arteritis Iatrogenic (e.g complication of catheterization) Congenital dysplasia/aplasia of the pulmonary valve Idiopathic pulmonary artery dilation Pulmonary regurgitation results in right ventricular…

…Danlos syndrome Inflammatory aortitis, including Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis Bicuspid aortic valve Coarctation of the aorta Previous aortic trauma Pregnancy, particularly the third…