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Eletrical alternans: the ECG in pericardial effusion & cardiac tamponade

…QRS complexes vary from one beat to another (in the same lead). This is due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in…

Cardiovascular Risk in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Disease

…Rheumatoid arthritis RA is associated with increased carotid intima–media thickness, early plaque formation and coronary microvascular dysfunction. Women with RA were reported to have…

Dix–Hallpike test and Epley manoeuvre

…Turn the head 45° to the right. 3. Support the head and lay the patient quickly into the supine position with the head extended approximately…

Joint aspiration

…slightest suspicion of septic arthritis. If the picture is unclear — aspirate, send a culture, await the result and inject later. Preparation and equipment Chlorhexidine in…

Soft tissue corticosteroid injection

…Mix the corticosteroid and the lidocaine in the same syringe. The anaesthetic confirms that the injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief…

Spirometry

…be prepared to show a colleague. Indications Investigation of chronic cough, dyspnoea, wheeze or reduced exercise capacity. Suspected asthma or COPD — diagnosis and follow up…

Endotracheal intubation

…cervical collar, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis MACOCHA is validated for the intensive care patient and totals 12 points: Mallampati III–IV (5 points), obstructive sleep…

Leg ulcers — wound debridement and compression therapy

…to compression The ankle brachial index measured with Doppler determines whether compression may be applied at all, and if so at what pressure. Palpable foot…

Cardiovascular Risk in Women: Sex-Specific Factors

…erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, are important risk enhancing conditions and are more prevalent in women. Chronic kidney disease and several other comorbidities also contribute to…

Mitral valve stenosis

…Additionally, pulmonary hypertension can propagate further backward to the right ventricle and right atrium, leading to right heart hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately right heart failure…

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