…Subclinical cerebral injury may contribute to vascular dementia, and thromboembolism may affect organs other than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS…

…Vascular access and access site complications Radial and femoral access Radial access is generally preferred for coronary angiography and PCI because it is associated with…

…occur despite the absence of significant epicardial obstruction. In patients with anginal symptoms and unobstructed or non obstructive coronary arteries, possible mechanisms include microvascular obstruction…

…another. A low blood pressure may be due to low flow, low vascular tone or both, and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases…

…TIA, systemic thromboembolism) in the next 12 months and the calculations apply to untreated patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation ( Table 1 ). CHADS VASc Score…

…and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction, immune cell recruitment, extracellular matrix remodelling…

…calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has little or no effect on myocardial contractility or conduction. Clevidipine reduces…

…can be counteracted with simultaneous administration of beta blockers). Effects Induces arteriolar vasodilation without effects on venous circulation. The reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR…

…of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…multisite artery disease, defined as atherosclerosis affecting at least two vascular beds. Carotid disease therefore commonly coexists with coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease…

…cytokine signalling and recruitment of inflammatory cells to vascular lesions. The interleukin 1β pathway, with downstream effects involving interleukin 6 and C reactive protein…

…system involved. Possible manifestations include headache, visual disturbance, chest pain, dyspnoea, dizziness, and neurological deficits. Neurological involvement Hypertensive encephalopathy may present with somnolence, lethargy, tonic…

…pharmacodynamic mechanisms. These drugs are broadly utilised to augment myocardial contractility, manipulate systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance, and restore adequate end organ perfusion. Dobutamine is…

…arteries. It frequently coexists with left main coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular dysfunction, peripheral vascular disease and other manifestations of diffuse atherosclerosis. Percutaneous…

…Patients with mPAP greater than 20 mmHg, PAWP ≤15 mmHg, and PVR ≤2 Wood units may have increased pulmonary blood flow rather than pulmonary vascular…

…debris, modern vascular biology has redefined atherosclerosis as a dynamic, immune mediated fibroproliferative response to endothelial injury [2] . The process initiates with endothelial dysfunction, a…

…Secondary prevention, walking exercise ≤ 0.40 Severe ischaemia Urgent vascular surgical assessment Exercise ABI. With a normal or borderline resting ABI but typical claudication, the…

…chance of success by counteracting vascular spasm. Pressure monitoring set: stiff, short tubing, a transducer, and a flush system with physiological saline in a pressure…

…visit; a difference 15 mmHg suggests vascular disease, and the arm with the higher reading is used thereafter Two to three measurements one minute apart…

…Inotropes increase myocardial contractility. There are several synthetic and endogenous agents with inotropic and vasopressor effects, and they often need to be combined in order…

…often associated with fracture and requires an orthopaedic surgeon. Dislocation of a native hip (as opposed to a prosthesis) — a high risk of avascular necrosis…

…wounds where a long time has passed since the injury (see below). Be particularly cautious with impaired healing: peripheral vascular disease, diabetes with neuropathy, immunosuppression…

…of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside…

…Hemodynamic determinants of MAP Hemodynamically, MAP is influenced by cardiac output (CO) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR), as described by the relationship: MAP = (CO…

…with worse outcomes. Unprotected Left Main Disease : Increases complexity and risk. Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) : Indicates systemic atherosclerosis. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) : Associated with…

…a facility with vascular expertise. The initial evaluation should establish: The time of symptom onset and the rate of progression The location and severity of…

…symptoms The clinical presentation reflects the severity of RV pressure overload and the extent of circulatory compromise. Features associated with an unfavourable short term prognosis…

…disease, or peripheral artery disease. Secondary prevention concerns patients with established vascular disease, in whom aspirin has a substantially more favourable benefit–risk profile. Aspirin…

…vascular disease or familial hypercholesterolaemia, addition of bempedoic acid to statin therapy reduced LDL C by approximately 16.5%; the reduction in a subgroup with…

…older adults. It contributes to vascular injury, accelerates atherosclerosis, increases myocardial oxygen demand, and may worsen ischemia in patients with obstructive coronary disease. It is…

…and the severity and distribution of coronary stenosis. Modern cardiac CT can acquire a three dimensional cardiac dataset within approximately 5–15 seconds, with submillimetre…

…ascites Older patients may present atypically, with fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance or altered mental status rather than prominent breathlessness. Hemodynamic phenotypes Initial assessment should distinguish…

…hyperplasia following vessel wall injury. PCI and stent implantation produce local vascular injury and initiate a sustained inflammatory and reparative response. Proliferation and accumulation of…

…sinus rate. Its principal therapeutic distinction from beta blockers is that it lowers heart rate without directly reducing myocardial contractility or altering vascular tone. Accordingly…

…in approximately one in five individuals. Pathophysiology Lp(a) is associated with several interrelated pathological processes: accelerated atherogenesis; vascular inflammation; progression of calcific aortic stenosis…

…of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations, reflecting differences in fat distribution and ethnicity…

…ANOCA/INOCA is more frequent in women, affecting approximately 50–70% of women compared with 30–50% of men. Microvascular angina (MVA) is myocardial ischaemia…

…As mentioned above, posterior myocardial infarction may be accompanied by inferior infarction if the occlusion affects both vascular territories. This will result in ST segment…

…approximately 10% of patients with hypertension and in approximately 20% of those with resistant hypertension. It is also more frequent with increasing blood pressure severity…

…may permit vascular remodelling and renal impairment to develop, leaving persistent hypertension despite correction of the initiating disorder. Earlier diagnosis is associated with a greater…

…cessation has been associated with a 36% reduction in premature mortality compared with continued smoking. Cessation also improves vascular health and may reduce cardiovascular risk…

…connective tissue disorders, including Marfan syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. FMD may be clinically occult and can affect multiple vascular territories, including the renal, carotid…

…contributes to the extension and severity of ischemic injury. In its most severe form, known as no reflow, structural and functional impairments sustain vascular obstruction…

…stroke risk is increased approximately five fold, and AF is associated with roughly one in five strokes. Thrombus formation is most commonly related to the…

…silent while vascular disease progresses. Many patients presenting with CVD have previously undiagnosed diabetes; systematic screening for diabetes is therefore recommended in patients with CVD…

…defined. Proposed contributors include hypercontractility or hypersensitivity of coronary vascular smooth muscle to vasoconstrictor stimuli, including adrenergic agonists, leukotrienes, and serotonin. In patients with CAD…

…branches, and thus more myocardium, as compared with a distally located thrombus. The duration of the ischemia: the longer the duration of the ischemia, the…

…of extracellular calcium in the myocardial and peripheral vascular smooth muscle cell membranes, thus inhibiting the contraction of smooth muscle cells. As compared with nitroprusside…

…atria, ventricles and the heart valves. Similar to vascular endothelium, the endocardium contains an underlying basement membrane and a small layer of loose connective tissue…

…agents exert vasodilatory effects, increasing coronary blood flow by relaxing vascular smooth muscle. They are contraindicated in patients with bronchospastic lung disease, or a history…

…because the right ventricle is difficult to visualize clearly with trans thoracic echocardiography. Causes of right ventricular hypertrophy Lung disease (with increased pulmonary vascular resistance)…

…with them. In order to completely understand the different complications related to ischemia/infarction in the conduction system, one must be familiar with the vascular…

…Sudden cessation of tissue perfusion as a result of cardiac or vascular condition. May reverse spontaneously (e.g., vasovagal syncope) or with treatment (e.g.…

…Pilonidal abscess, hidradenitis abscess and paronychia with a collection of pus. Persistent painful induration after a few days of antibiotics — suggests that an abscess has…

…acute stroke to identify large vessel occlusion, dissection or other vascular pathology CT perfusion Used with an unclear time of onset, a late time window…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…crisis [1,2]. A hypertensive emergency means a markedly raised blood pressure together with ongoing or new organ damage in which immediate, controlled blood pressure…

…tissue infection with systemic involvement. Relative: Condition Adaptation : : ABI 0.5–0.79 Reduced compression (20–30 mmHg) under vascular surgical supervision Diabetes with neuropathy…

…vascular bleed. Perioperative bleeding that rapidly fills the suction, the swabs or the operative field and requires repeated units of red cells. Gastrointestinal bleeding with…