…central clinical danger is progressive aortic wall disruption, rupture and compromise of branch vessels. Type A disease may cause cardiac tamponade, severe acute aortic regurgitation…

…It may be very difficult to establish a diagnosis of third degree AV block if the atrial and ventricular rate is equal and the P…

…Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents…

…RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). It acts through degradation of the messenger RNA encoding PCSK9 within…

…Ibutilide, Sotalol Class IV Non dihydropyridine L type Ca 2+ channel blockers Diltiazem, Verapamil Singh–Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Bold text indicates agents…

…Paper speed 50 mm/s. Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block (RBBB) in leads V1–V3, but the QRS duration…

…This article covers the fundamental principles of atrioventricular (AV) blocks, which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third degree AV blocks…

…Dyslipidaemia A prothrombotic state Albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate Development of type 2 diabetes mellitus Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events HF and atrial fibrillation Obesity…

…II, type 2 Some atrial impulses (P waves) are blocked, but PR interval is constant. Yes. AV block III No atrial impulses reach the ventricles…

…infarction – Particularly ischemia or infarction located to the inferior wall of the left ventricle. This type of bradycardia is due to diminished automaticity (pacemaker function…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in…

…type of atrial flutter, the re entry loops around the tricuspid valve in a counter clockwise direction. This yields negative flutter waves in II, III…

…Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block) : repeated cycles of gradually increasing PR interval until an atrial impulse (P wave) is blocked in…

…switch from a contractile to a synthetic state, producing abundant extracellular matrix (ECM) components, primarily interstitial collagen types I and III, elastin, and proteoglycans [6] …

…it will be retrograde (in lead II, III and aVF) because of the direction of atrial activation. P waves in AVNRT are discussed in detail…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

…infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a mismatch between myocardial…

…Mobitz type 1 block is characterized by a gradual prolongation of the PR interval over a few heart cycles until an atrial impulse is completely…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

…chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial wall stress…

…Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

…This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy , can be caused by any tachyarrhythmia leading to prolonged periods of rapid ventricular rate (Table…

…risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes…

…Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…type 4a MI is defined by: cTn greater than 5 times the 99th percentile upper reference limit; and At least one of the following: New…

…Which of the following ECG findings is typically considered a normal variant in asymptomatic athletes with no significant family history? A: Mobitz Type II 2nd…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…cause (etiology) of chest pain varies according to age, sex, risk factors, type of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO SVR CVP/PCWP ScvO₂ : : : : : : : : : Hypovolaemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ Cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓…

…Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care. This quick reference is intended primarily for adults and summarises…

…Procedure Step 1 — compression Have the patient blow out the clot. The pinch is applied to the lower third of the nose, the soft part …

…endoscopy DPP 4 inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes…

…COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂…

…prolongs the time to return of bowel function without reducing the risk of complications. Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a…

…Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…

…impairment or a large residual volume. A need for accurate measurement of urine output in a critically ill patient. Perioperatively and postoperatively in longer procedures…

…management of modifiable risk factors. The HAS BLED score has demonstrated moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of…

…Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker (CCB). Half life: 5 minutes. Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type…

…Type B IMH: involves the descending aorta distal to the left subclavian artery. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer PAU is focal ulceration of an atherosclerotic plaque that…

…occurring in the clinical setting of acute myocardial ischaemia and is diagnosed according to the fourth universal definition of MI. Type 1 MI is generally…

…times or decremental conduction properties. Furthermore, adenosine binds to four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1…

…effect is therefore likely to result from the cumulative influence of multiple modest dietary changes. Mediterranean type diets provide polyphenols from extra virgin olive oil…

…scope Familial and genetic screening in cardiovascular medicine is the systematic assessment of relatives and other individuals who may carry an inherited predisposition to cardiovascular…

…Type 3 myocardial infarction: presumed fatal myocardial infarction in which death occurs before biomarkers can be obtained or become abnormal, in the presence of symptoms…

Cardiology Critical care Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology In the management of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock, intravenous vasoactive agents are categorised according to…

…and anticipated electrical environment. Preoperative evaluation Establish the nature and function of the device The following should be determined before surgery: Device type: pacemaker, ICD…

…activity should be assessed and prescribed using the components of: Frequency Intensity Time or duration Type Progression The prescription should be individualized rather than based…

…potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading. It is the most common form of secondary hypertension. Aldosterone acts principally through the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR)…

…haematoma or double lumen Type 1 is reported in fewer than one third of cases in the pregnancy related source material. Types 2 and 3…

…reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort, although dyspnoea may…

…myocardial ischaemia occurring at rest or with minimal exertion, without evidence of acute cardiomyocyte injury or necrosis. It is distinguished from acute myocardial infarction (AMI…

ECG Pacemaker malfunction, troubleshooting and ECG Conventional surface ECG can reveal the following types of pacemaker dysfunction: Failure to capture (FTC) , which means that the…

…anticoagulation is highly effective in reducing stroke risk. Wrfarin and novel oral anticoagulants can reduce the risk of stroke by 70%, as compared with placebo…