…the DeBakey system: Type I: originates in the ascending aorta and extends through the arch, usually into the descending aorta. Type II: is confined to…

…degree AV block Mobitz type II is characterized by sporadically occurring blocks, without the Wenckebach phenomenon. Second degree AV block Mobitz type I (Wenckebach block…

… A: Mobitz Type II 2nd AV block B: Prolonged QT interval (QTc ≥ 480 ms for females) C: Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (rSR' pattern in…

…syndrome, comprises disorders in which aldosterone secretion is inappropriately increased, relatively autonomous from angiotensin II and plasma potassium, and resistant to suppression by sodium loading…

…P waves with constant morphology preceding every QRS complex. P wave is positive in limb lead II. Normal (physiological) causes of sinus bradycardia Sinus bradycardia…

…not appear. Second degree AV block Mobitz type II : intermittently blocked atrial impulses (no QRS seen after P) but with constant PR interval. Third degree…

…kinetics Lidocaine , Mexiletine , Phenytoin Class IC Na + channel blocker with slow offset kinetics Flecainide, Propafenone Class II Beta adrenergic Blockers (antagonists) Atenolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol, Metoprolol…

…is considered acceptable. In the setting of acute heart failure, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT proBNP) values, potassium concentrations, and estimated glomerular…

…kinetics Lidocaine , Mexiletine , Phenytoin Class IC Na + channel blocker with slow offset kinetics Flecainide, Propafenone Class II Beta adrenergic Blockers (antagonists) Atenolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol, Metoprolol…

…pronounced in the anterolateral (V3, V4, V5, V6) and inferior (II, aVF and III) leads. There are four principal causes of J waves, namely hypothermia…

…causes, diagnosis & management This article covers the fundamental principles of atrioventricular (AV) blocks, which are classified into three types: first degree, second degree, and third…

…not appear. Second degree AV block Mobitz type II : intermittently blocked atrial impulses (no QRS seen after P) but with constant PR interval. Third degree…

…pacing AV block I PR interval ≥0.22 s Rarely AV block II, type 1 (Wencheback block) PR interval is gradually prolonged until one atrial…

…The QT interval is measured in the lead in which it is longest, usually II or V5, and the U wave must not be included…

…Increased Obesity 30.0–34.9 I High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful…

…be considered a basic clinical skill. Pacing activity may be visible or invisible, depending on e.g the type of pacemaker, intrinsic cardiac activity, etc…

…common type of atrial flutter, the re entry loops around the tricuspid valve in a counter clockwise direction. This yields negative flutter waves in II…

…Similar to sinus rhythm, the rhythm is regular with a positive P wave in lead II, but the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute…

…either before or after the QRS complex. In either case it will be retrograde (in lead II, III and aVF) because of the direction of…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cardiovascular risk condition. It is associated with a two to four…

Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Pathophysiology Type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) is defined as an ischaemic myocardial injury occurring in the context of a…

Visual assessment of regional wall motion (left ventricle) TYPE OF MOTION DEFINITION WALL MOTION SCORE Normal Normal thickening (typically 30% thickening from end diastole to…

Cardiology Clinical chemistry & laboratory medicine Definition and Pathophysiology B type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N terminal pro BNP (NT proBNP) are circulating markers of myocardial…

Cardiology Pharmacology & dosing Definition and Pathophysiology Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic protein that regulates the availability of the low density…

…shift. For decades, the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity was siloed, with clinicians focusing primarily on hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) reduction, blood…

Echocardiography Cardiomyopathy caused by tachycardia A prolonged tachycardia can cause cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dilation. This type of cardiomyopathy, referred to as tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy …

…muscle, and bone mass. It does not indicate the types or distribution of body fat. It may not be accurate for all populations, particularly at…

…Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has…

…Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…the true lumen Occlusion of a major epicardial artery or bypass graft Side branch occlusion or thrombus Disruption of collateral flow Distal embolization Stent thrombosis…

…pharmacological basis Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of oral agents initially developed for glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)…

…It is a PCI related myocardial infarction when angiography or autopsy documents thrombosis and the diagnostic criteria used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled…

…risk factors, type of symptoms etc. Chest pain is one of the most nuanced symptoms in clinical practice and it is fundamental to be able…

…by a repolarization (recovery). The action potential occurs in all cardiac cells but its appearance varies depending on cell type. During de and repolarization ions…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…It may be broken, as in Figure 1 . Any type of infarction may cause pathological R wave progression. However, the specificity for pathological R wave…

…normally 950–1150 mL/min Haemodynamic profiles in shock Type CO SVR CVP/PCWP ScvO₂ : : : : : : : : : Hypovolaemic ↓ ↑ ↓ ↓ Cardiogenic ↓ ↑ ↑ ↓…

…mosm/kg or total osmolality 320 mosm/kg Typical patient Often type 1 diabetes, but also occurs in type 2 diabetes Usually type 2 diabetes…

…a significant midfacial or nasal fracture (absolute). An unsecured airway or haemodynamic instability — stabilise the patient first. Marked septal deviation towards the bleeding side (relative)…

…high value As required, in addition to the mealtime dose Never stop basal insulin in a person with type 1 diabetes , not even before fasting…

…COPD Arterial blood gas Type 1 respiratory failure: PaO₂ < 8 kPa with a normal or low PaCO₂ — a problem of oxygenation. Type 2: PaO₂…

…Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected base of skull fracture or a marked midfacial fracture — the tube can pass through a fracture in the cribriform plate…

…Otherwise: Type Contraindication : : Absolute No safe pocket of fluid to puncture (no ultrasound verified fluid) Relative Uncorrected coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia Relative Ongoing anticoagulant treatment — plan…

…myocardial ischaemia or syncope — that has not responded to atropine: Complete heart block (third degree AV block) and second degree AV block Mobitz type 2…

…Contraindications Type Condition : : Absolute Suspected urethral injury — blood at the meatus, a perineal or scrotal haematoma, a high riding or impalpable prostate, a pelvic fracture…

…moderate predictive abilities for bleeding risks in AF patients, regardless of the type of oral anticoagulant used. Studies have shown that it performs similarly or…

…Rapidly inactivated by esterases. Effects • Clevidipine is a dihydropyridine L type calcium channel blocker. Clevidipine is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle cells and has…

…or pericardial effusion Aortic rupture Proximal aortic complications Malperfusion and pulse deficits are less common in type A IMH than in classic type A dissection…

…MI. Type 1 MI is generally related to an atherothrombotic event, whereas Types 2–5 MI have other mechanisms of myocardial ischaemia and necrosis. Unstable…

…four types of receptors. Binding to A2A receptors induces coronary vasodilation, whereas binding to the A1, A2B, and A3 receptors is responsible for the side…

…red meat. The principal evidence supported patterns are Mediterranean type and DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes…

…distinction is important in premature coronary disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidaemia, which are usually polygenic conditions, although family history remains clinically useful for…

…ischaemic ECG changes. The distinction between myocardial injury and type 2 infarction is particularly important. Type 2 infarction requires clinical evidence of ischaemia; an elevated…

…vasodilation. Although primarily defined by these mechanisms, levosimendan also exhibits some type 3 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDEI) activity, which may contribute to its inotropic profile. The…

…patient's dependence on pacing, the presence of CRT, the type and location of surgery, and the anticipated current pathway. In a pacing dependent patient…

…treatment. It is associated with lower cardiovascular and all cause mortality and with reduced incidence or burden of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary disease, stroke…

…sudden cardiac death. SCAD differs pathogenetically from atherosclerotic type 1 MI. It is an infrequent cause of ACS overall but represents a substantial proportion of…

…reperfusion central to survival. Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The characteristic symptom prompting activation of the STEMI pathway is ischaemic type chest discomfort, although dyspnoea may…

…to a single lesion or process. Although Type 1 MI and acute coronary syndromes are commonly related to atherothrombotic events, myocardial ischaemia may also result…