…and ICD recipients undergoing procedures likely to generate EMI. Assess pacing dependence Determining pacing dependence is central to planning. If EMI causes oversensing and pacing…

…complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion treatment…

…the more myocardium can be salvaged. Call the PCI service in parallel with drug treatment and transport planning [1,5]. Symptom duration Under 12 hours…

…absolute: patient phenotype, risk factors for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, echocardiographic findings, and left atrial size must also be considered. Patients with mPAP…

…blood pressure remains uncontrolled despite intensive antihypertensive treatment and who therefore require assessment for pseudo resistance, secondary hypertension, treatment related contributors, and excess cardiovascular risk…

…than the current threshold for hypertension, and the current treatment target levels for patients with and without diabetes. The threshold for hypertension is currently 140…

…block 2 Mobitz type 2 and AV block 3. The only treatment with a class I recommendation for the management of acute bradycardia is transcutaneous…

…ECG changes at any level Immediate emergency treatment, continuous ECG monitoring and early assessment of the need for dialysis ECG changes or serious neuromuscular symptoms…

…3,4]. In parallel with the drug treatment Resuscitation, investigation and drug treatment must proceed simultaneously. Do not wait for laboratory results, CT or EEG…

…for most cases. Variants in APOB that impair apolipoprotein B binding to the LDL receptor. Gain of function variants in PCSK9, which reduce recycling and…

…outpatient Initial treatment Carefully titrated intravenous therapy when indicated Oral treatment and prompt follow up Main risk of management Overtreatment may impair autoregulation and cause…

…core formation and calcification. Neoatherosclerosis can contribute to both ISR and stent thrombosis. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently the most suitable imaging modality for…

…indications and treatment goals Established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease Patients with established ASCVD are at very high cardiovascular risk and require intensive LDL C lowering. For…

…High Obesity 35.0–39.9 II Very high Extreme obesity ≥40 III Extremely high BMI is useful for screening and population level risk estimation…

…used for depression may precipitate episodes. Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic symptom is severe angina occurring at rest. Episodes frequently cluster between midnight and…

…redistribution of blood volume and increased ventricular contractility occur consistently. Exaggerated activation of a central reflex produces a stereotypic response: an initial increase in heart…

…arrhythmic effects and lack of compelling data regarding morbidity and mortality benefits, digoxin has been ousted repeatedly from the standard of care for these conditions…

…of the left ventricle . Patients with DCM typically develop heart failure early in life and a family history of heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias or sudden…

…vegetations are attached to the endocardium and, accordingly, less mobile. Echocardiography is the first place method for detecting vegetation in case of suspicion of endocarditis…

…the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis/myocarditis There are two forms of pericarditis: acute and chronic…

…late 1950s, 1960 and 1961 showed that VT could be terminated by delivering an electrical shock. This prompted physicians to construct coronary care units, in…

…Normal Anticoagulation. Outpatient management may be considered The sPESI (simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index) gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac…

…make the diagnosis more likely. HFpEF and HFmrEF together account for approximately half of patients with symptomatic HF. The distinction is clinically useful but not…

…on degenerated saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), rotational atherectomy, and procedures performed for acute myocardial infarction. In SVG PCI, slow flow or no reflow rates may…

…hallmark of both RBBB and LBBB is the QRS duration which is by definition 120 ms or longer. ECG criteria for right bundle branch block…

…ulcers; everything else is supportive. But the same compression applied to a limb with arterial insufficiency can cause necrosis and, in the worst case, amputation…

…explanation for this may be a general degeneration of the atrial conduction system. Individuals with atrial fibrillation and bradycardia have bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome. Careful management…

…Lathundar About this quick reference Treatment protocols differ between regions. Always follow the local protocol for exact infusion rates, electrolyte concentrations and level of care…

Clevidipine Drug Clevidipine Brand names Cleviprex ® Indications Hypertension and hypertensive emergency. Treatment of postoperative hypertension. Mechanism of action Ultra short acting calcium channel blocker…

…not treated away. Incision and drainage is the treatment; antibiotics are normally neither necessary nor sufficient in an uncomplicated cutaneous abscess in an otherwise healthy…

…stent thrombosis and other ischemic events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12…

…eGFR (mL/min) Management : : 50 Standard dose, creatinine checked at least annually 30 50 Dose reduction as in the table above for rivaroxaban and edoxaban…

…Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026. They are Swedish regional recommendations and reflect…

…it is safe for the rescuer, victim and bystanders. Relocate to a safe position if required. 2. Confirm cardiac arrest In case of a collapse…

…diuretic treatment [4]. An automatically reported eGFR is less reliable when creatinine is changing rapidly, since the calculation assumes a steady state. Dosing and clinical…

…intensive care Refractory anaphylaxis Persisting airway, respiratory or circulatory compromise despite two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and initial fluid treatment Adrenaline infusion and advanced…

…myocardial infarction and stroke. Indications Intermittent claudication, rest pain in the foot or leg, or a non healing distal ulcer. Before compression treatment of a…

…be increased under stress) and pharmacological anti inflammatory treatment (which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in each case…

…In horizontal positional vertigo (lateral semicircular canal) the supine roll test is used for diagnosis, and the barbecue roll or the Gufoni manoeuvre for treatment…

…hyponatraemic encephalopathy and warrant immediate treatment in the absence of another obvious explanation: Seizures A deeply reduced level of consciousness Coma Marked drowsiness, for example…

…analytical methods and treatment protocols that are available where you practise. Initial management of all poisonings ABCDE Step Assessment and action : : A Assess the airway…

…min Contact intensive care in shock, rapidly progressive organ dysfunction, respiratory failure, impaired consciousness, or a need for a vasopressor After initial stabilisation Repeat the…

…pain relief and rarely alters the natural history of the disease. In lateral epicondylitis the effect is in fact worse than no treatment at all…

…management early — within the first hour after ROSC, in parallel with coronary angiography, the search for the cause and the rest of the intensive care…

…Severe hypernatraemia. Preparation and equipment Two peripheral venous cannulas, or a central venous catheter for longer treatment. Sodium bicarbonate 50 mg/mL (corresponding to 0…

…treatment dose in parallel. Procedure Initiation with a loading dose Used when a rapid effect is wanted and the patient is also receiving LMWH, for…

…despite statin and ezetimibe therapy. Goal: Achieve LDL C levels <1.4 mmol/L (55 mg/dL) to reduce cardiovascular risk. 1. Assess Prior Treatment …

…risk category and requires urgent evaluation for reperfusion treatment. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment Risk stratification begins with an immediate search for haemodynamic instability…

…binary distinction between normotension and hypertension. Its long term relationship with cardiovascular risk is therefore graded, although practical clinical care requires diagnostic and treatment thresholds…

…frequent while the precipitating haemodynamic and sympathetic abnormalities persist. Immediate cardioversion is reserved primarily for instability. Evaluation and physical examination Initial assessment should establish whether…

…Context Blood pressure management in older adults must account for chronological age, biological age, frailty, multimorbidity, cognitive status, functional capacity, orthostatic symptoms, and treatment burden…

…factor treatment and lifestyle modification reduce the burden of recurrent coronary risk. Nutritional counselling, smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid management, and diabetes care are…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Introduction Cardiovascular disease becomes increasingly prevalent with advancing age, while its clinical expression and management become progressively more complex. Older adults, often…

…with a confirmed indication for treatment but blood pressure in the range of 120–139/70–89 mmHg, concomitant indications and overall cardiovascular risk influence…

…yoga and gardening may provide useful activity for individuals who are reluctant to undertake formal exercise. Increasing movement during daily living is a practical initial…

…and sophisticated treatment used worldwide. Artificial pacemakers have benefitted immensely from advances in engineering, notably with the advent of transistors, programmable circuits, lithium batteries, and…

…the characteristic ECG changes as they have implications for the management of these patients. Also, note that posterolateral and right ventricular infarction may occur simultaneously …

…Opioids, benzodiazepines and other sedating drugs. Thromboembolic risk, for example immobilisation, cancer and previous venous thromboembolism. A documented decision on the ceiling of care. Signs…

…drugs, and how many doses, has the patient taken? Is the patient on an inhaled corticosteroid or other anti inflammatory treatment? Previous intensive care, intubati

…trauma and metabolic disturbance. 4. Monitoring at the appropriate level of care , with readiness for respiratory support. 5. Treatment of the alcohol use disorder and…