…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave amplitude)…

…ventricular fibrillation (VF) in patients with structurally normal hearts [2] . Epidemiologically, BrS is responsible for up to 20% of sudden cardiac deaths in patients without…

…related to insulin resistance and the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease than total adiposity alone. The waist circumference associated with risk varies among populations…

…de pointes (TdP) and long QT syndrome (LQTS) is presented below. With regards to drugs, the risk of QT prolongation and TdP varies markedly across…

Cardiology Emergency medicine Surgery & trauma Definition and Pathophysiology Aortic dissection is a major form of acute aortic syndrome (AAS), alongside intramural haematoma, penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer…

…and pathophysiology Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) comprises a spectrum of clinical presentations caused by suspected acute myocardial ischaemia. It includes patients with recent changes in…

…The absence of chest pain does not exclude clinically important CCS. Silent or minimally symptomatic disease may occur in patients with diabetes and autonomic neuropathy…

…elderly, or patients with diabetes [4]. Associated Findings: The sudden onset of symptoms coupled with diaphoresis should always raise concern for a cardiovascular cause [4]…

…refractory to guideline directed medical therapy, occur at a low level of exertion, or are associated with high event risk. The apparent differences between thresholds…

…Coronary Syndrome) & STEMI (ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Acute coronary syndromes with significant ST segment elevations are classified as STE ACS . Virtually all cases of STE…

…par with the degree of left ventricular impairment. Pathophysiology of takotsubo cardiomyopathy (broken heart syndrome) This topic is still under investigation. A number of plausible…

…Clinical presentation and symptoms The characteristic clinical syndrome consists of: Malaise Fever Pericardial or chest discomfort Leukocytosis Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate Pericardial effusion Pericardial pain…

…as women, and men also display the highest risk of experiencing malign ventricular arrhythmias. Brugada syndrome is hereditary with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, meaning…

Kardiologi Akutsjukvård Lathundar Overview Acute coronary syndrome comprises STEMI, NSTEMI and unstable angina. Management begins in parallel with the diagnostic work up. Obtain an interpretable…

…pneumothorax and acute coronary syndrome must be actively considered [1]. Do the following early: 1. Assess airway, work of breathing, level of consciousness and circulation…

…access. In patients with acute coronary syndrome, randomized evidence has demonstrated lower rates of access site bleeding, surgical repair, and blood transfusion with radial access…

…spectrum of non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS). The clinical spectrum includes patients with a confirmed NSTEMI, patients with a working diagnosis of…

…alleviate ischemic chest pain may lead to hemodynamic collapse in patients with right ventricular ischemia or infarction. Recognizing ECG signs of right ventricular involvement is…

…patients with atrial fibrillation. Bradycardia in atrial fibrillation (bradycardia–tachycardia syndrome) Individuals with sick sinus syndrome (sinus node dysfunction) are at high risk of developing…

…such symptoms are associated with ECG evidence of sinus node dysfunction, the condition is referred to as sick sinus syndrome . Causes of sinus node dysfunction…

…a result of stunning. The systemic response to reperfusion and ischemia causes a state similar to SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome) with risk of disseminated…

…diabetes, hypertension, cancer, etc – are the most important risk factors for poor outcomes. The vast majority of infections with COVID 19 result in mild disease…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…5% of such lesions caused a clinical event during 3.4 years of follow up in a prospective study of patients with acute coronary syndrome…

…and syndrome: from ECG criteria to management Although the early repolarization pattern has been recognized for almost 50 years, it is still one of the…

…strongly with the risk of potentially life threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Therefore, the QT interval must always be assessed when interpreting the ECG. Long QT syndrome…

…be discovered. Diagnosis of this syndrome is based on ECG, family history and clinical presentation. Patients present with syncope, early onset of atrial fibrillation, ventricular…

…that negative delta waves may simulate pathological Q waves (and thus be confused with previous myocardial infarction). ECG examples of pre excitation (short PR interval…

…This may be confused with right bundle branch block. Paper speed 50 mm/s. Type 1 Brugada syndrome reminds somewhat of right bundle branch block…

…presentation is determined primarily by the ACS syndrome and the haemodynamic consequences of the culprit lesion. Patients may present with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction …

…line with the European guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes…

…2 3 LQTS Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2…

…2 3 LQTS Risk model, a validated tool designed to estimate the 5 year risk of life threatening arrhythmic events in individuals with LQT1, LQT2…

…occurs in more than 90% of patients presenting with the syndrome. Its severity and temporal pattern vary considerably. Symptoms of systemic venous congestion include: Peripheral…

…kidney injury, AKI, is a syndrome of rapidly deteriorating renal function. Management is governed not by the creatinine value alone but by the course, urine…

…intervention (PCI), including attempted recanalization of a chronic total coronary occlusion. Angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), after appropriate investigation has…

…line with the European guidelines. Hence, this chapter will present the most recent evidence and recommendations for the evaluation and treatment of chronic coronary syndromes…

…Indications Evaluation of chest pain with an intermediate pre test probability of coronary artery disease. Assessment of exercise capacity and symptoms in known heart disease…

…Dietz syndrome, who have low BSA or severe extra aortic features 45 mm • Patients who are undergoing aortic valve surgery • Patients with Marfan syndrome who…

…Dosage: Acute Coronary Syndromes Treatment with Ticagrelor should start with a loading dose of 180 mg (two 90 mg tablets) followed by 90 mg twice…

…reperfusion therapy. This approach fails to identify a substantial proportion of patients with acute coronary occlusion (ACO) who present without diagnostic ST elevation, often resulting…

Echocardiography Definition and types of cardiomyopathies Cardiomyopathy implies that the myocardium is structurally and functionally altered, and the pathological changes are not explained by coronary…

…MI) survivors, the contemporary risk factor profile is increasingly driven by the global epidemics of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and metabolic syndrome [58] . Hypertension and coronary…

…of the leaflets and may coexist with mitral stenosis. Idiopathic degeneration (Barlow's disease), degeneration associated with connective tissue disorders (Marfan syndrome, Ehlers Danlos syndrome…

…the syndrome. Epidemiology and clinical phenotype Heart failure with an LVEF greater than 40%—comprising HFmrEF and HFpEF—accounts for approximately half of patients with…

…non invasive ventilation. Inadequate ventilation with a rising pCO₂ and respiratory acidosis, or a markedly increased work of breathing with impending exhaustion. Threatened airway obstruction…

…Heart failure, pulmonary oedema and other conditions with a high risk of fluid overload — a relative contraindication requiring invasive monitoring and slower administration. Significant metabolic…

…risk of type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and specific cancers. BMI and cardiovascular outcomes High BMI is associated with several health conditions: Type 2 diabetes…

…electrolyte imbalance ECG Definition and Pathophysiology Acquired long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterised by an abnormal prolongation of the QT interval on the surface electrocardiogram …

…clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot provide blood flow commensurate with the body’s requirements, or can do so only at the expense of…

…The syndrome is therefore defined by symptoms and signs of congestion or impaired cardiac performance rather than by ejection fraction alone. Heart failure with preserved…

…atrial fibrillation with impulses conducted via an accessory pathway [see Wolff Parkinson White Syndrome]); blocking AV node conduction may result in accelerated transmission of atrial…

…Effects of disopyramide on ECG, heart rhythm and conduction Effect on sinoatrial (SA) node SA node function may become worse in patients with established SA…

…with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in the presence of…

…individuals with heart failure ( Packer et al ) and 30% of people with diabetes ( Cavallari et al ). Organizational challenges in cardiac arrest Optimal management of sudden…

…unicuspid pulmonary valve Noonan syndrome : 60% of all individuals with Noonan syndrome have pulmonic stenosis. The stenosis is subvalvular, causing a narrowing of the RVOT …

…Antiphospholipid syndrome, particularly triple positive disease or after an arterial event, where DOACs have proved inferior. Atrial fibrillation with marked renal failure or on dialysis…

…syndromes in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). They are also recommended in patients within one year of MI and in those with…

…the right atrium and right ventricle are compressed, with elevation of their diastolic pressures. Right sided filling becomes increasingly dependent on the fall in intrathoracic…