…retinal signature includes flame haemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and papilloedema. Associated complications may include encephalopathy, acute heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and abrupt deterioration in…

…prolonged, produces multiorgan dysfunction and death. In the setting of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), cardiogenic shock most commonly reflects severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction…

…influenced by the clinical setting, vascular access route, anticoagulation, renal function, age, comorbidity, and procedural complexity. Overall incidence and major complications Complications during diagnostic coronary…

…risk mechanical complications. Determination of symptom onset time and anticipated time to primary PCI. Patients with STEMI should be monitored in a setting capable of…

…than the brain. Patients with AF in the setting of ACS have more comorbidities and a higher risk of complications than patients without AF; both…

…and is not determined solely by the apparent frequency or duration of documented episodes. The central therapeutic objective is prevention of thromboembolic complications, particularly stroke…

…patients with left ventricular dysfunction and/or MVD. Nevertheless, the optimal extent and timing of intervention depend on the clinical setting, haemodynamic status, coronary anatomy…

…events (MACE) and stent thrombosis. Premature DAPT interruption is described as the strongest predictor of stent thrombosis in this setting. The duration of therapy requires…

…however, increase peri procedural complications and bleeding. Clinical presentation The available source material does not provide a detailed description of the presenting symptoms of NSTEMI…

Cardiology Clinical medicine Definition and cardiovascular rationale Smoking cessation is the complete discontinuation of tobacco smoking, with avoidance of second hand smoke and, where possible…

…equivalent (1 MET) is defined as the amount of oxygen consumed while sitting at rest and is equal to 3.5 ml O2 per kg…

…the serum creatinine up to 30% is considered acceptable. In the setting of acute heart failure, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NT proBNP…

…dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus Reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms Facilitate return to work and appropriate recreational or sporting activity Limit recurrent myocardial infarction, cardiovascular morbidity…

…150 J biphasic in an adult, 1 J/kg in a child (2 J/kg at the second attempt). Vasoactive infusions Drug Dose range Primary…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered in a monitored clinical setting appropriate for cardioversion. Administration of vernakalant Vernakalant (Brinavess)…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…syndrome (DI LQTS) [1]. The condition arises in the setting of both modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors include electrolyte abnormalities such as…

…VF). It is primarily intended for use in an emergency setting. The manual includes the following sections (click to navigate to the section): Classification of…

…arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) can be initiated by healthcare professionals. The purpose of basic…

…dependent. Similarly, angioedema occurring in the setting of ACE inhibitor therapy is bradykinin mediated rather than mast cell mediated, distinguishing it from classic allergic reactions…

…MI). MI denotes cardiomyocyte necrosis occurring in the clinical setting of acute myocardial ischaemia and is diagnosed according to the fourth universal definition of MI…

…including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), may be required in this setting. Clinical presentation and symptoms The clinical presentation reflects the severity of RV pressure overload…

…of antiplatelet therapy must always be balanced against bleeding. This balance changes according to the clinical setting, time from MI or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI…

…sounds persist, the fourth Korotkoff sound is used. Office blood pressure: blood pressure measured in a clinical setting, manually or with an automated device. Home…

…assessment is fundamental to the diagnosis and management of bradyarrhythmias. In the setting of cardiac arrest, it is essential to reconfirm the rhythm in two…

…The LDL C response varies with background therapy: Treatment setting Approximate LDL C reduction versus placebo Monotherapy 23% Added to background statin therapy 18% Fixed…

…phenothiazine, phenytoin, carbamazepine), and various chemotherapeutic agents. In the acute setting, bradyarrhythmic cardiac arrest or asystole may result from reversible systemic insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia…

…a beta blocker and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. In this setting, ivabradine should be considered to reduce the risk of heart failure hospitalisation and cardiovascular…

…exercise volumes; therefore, prevention strategies should address both increasing activity and reducing time spent sitting. The relationship between activity and cardiovascular benefit is curvilinear. The…

…output in severe cases Cardiogenic shock in the most advanced presentations The symptoms of RVI commonly occur in the setting of an inferior myocardial infarction…

…with potential tracheal deviation to the opposite side Distended jugular veins Management Decompression using a venous cannula Can be executed in a pre hospital setting…

…Utstein guidelines (Table 1). The broad categories of causes are considered necessary due to the uncertainties prevailing in the pre hospital setting ( Perkins et al. )…

…first line therapies. Digoxin is also used frequently in the emergency setting to control ventricular rate during supraventricular tachycardias (e.g.atrial fibrillation). Because digoxin…

…must be normal. For example, in the setting of left bundle branch block (LBBB), fractional shortening is not representative of ventricular function, since the activation…

…A transcutaneous pacemaker is often necessary in the acute setting and is currently the only treatment with class I recommendation according to European (ESC) and…

…Figure 1. Management of acute bradycardia in the emergency setting. Parameter Assessment A Airway Voice Breath sounds B Breathing Respiratory rate (12–20 / min) Chest…

…a sound wave. A familiar example is human speech. Humans speak by setting their vocal cords in motion. When vocal cords vibrate, they generate vibrations…

…aneurysm : Aortic aneurysms may compresses the RVOT. Echocardiography in pulmonic stenosis In the setting of pulmonary valve stenosis, the pressure in the right ventricle rises…

…of wall motion abnormalities. Assessment of wall motion abnormalities is particularly important in the setting of chronic or acute coronary artery disease. All types of…

…degree of hypoxia in all neurons. There is one fundamental difference between neurons and myocardium in the setting of hypoxia. Myocardium ceases contracting immediately when…

…contraction). Traditional methods for investigating left ventricular function — e.g ejection fraction (EF), fractional sorting (FS), etc — do not elucidate regional variations in contractile function…

…two adequate intramuscular doses of adrenaline and initial fluid treatment Adrenaline infusion and advanced resuscitation in a monitored setting The grade can change within minutes…

…saw, protective sheeting Hot water gives faster setting and more heat production — a risk of burns Document the distal neurovascular status before casting : sensation, motor…

…the terminology used by different devices vary; follow the local setting instructions for the device available on the unit. Preparation and equipment A device capable…

…instead by temporarily withdrawing the cholinesterase inhibitor, under monitoring in a setting where the airway can be secured. Preparation and equipment Edrophonium 10 mg/mL…

…Blood pressure 200/110 mmHg at rest Treat first Electrolyte disturbance Correct Second or third degree AV block Depending on the indication Marked anaemia Correct…

…the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second most important is to look for signs of perforation — Seidel's sign, an irregular pupil…

…pressure can cause serious organ damage even at lower levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency…

…Sitting and leaning forward is an alternative when the lateral position does not work, but the opening pressure cannot be measured in the sitting position…

…fasting or having had a light breakfast according to local practice. Let the patient rest lying down or sitting for at least 15 minutes. 2…

…at low workloads; its role in improving death or MI outcomes is more limited and depends on the coronary anatomy and clinical setting. Beta blockers…

…may occur even in the absence of pulmonary congestion. Patients may obtain relief by sitting forward. Other symptoms depend on the extent of reduction in…

…is recurrent clinical deterioration despite careful follow up and appropriate therapy. In this setting, the risk of sudden death and end stage heart failure is…

…systemic congestion. Interventricular dependence may impair left ventricular filling and reduce systemic output. In this setting, venous congestion is generally treated initially with diuretics, whereas…

…If LDL C remains above target, bempedoic acid is recommended in the relevant guideline setting; combination with a PCSK9 inhibitor is also described for high…

…ECG, and normal initial troponin may be observed in a chest pain unit or another non intensive care setting while serial testing is completed. Diagnostic…

…useful in both acute and ambulatory presentations, but the appropriate thresholds differ substantially according to the clinical setting. Values obtained in the emergency department for…

…Causes of myocardial injury Important causes include: Mechanism or clinical setting Examples Acute coronary atherothrombosis Plaque disruption or erosion with thrombosis Reduced myocardial perfusion Coronary…

…the ischemic area!) [2]. Take home message: in the setting of acute coronary syndromes, be quick to administer antithrombotic medications and reperfusion. Refer to G…