Procedurer The single most important step in any eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second…

Procedurer The laryngeal mask is the single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx…

Cardiology SPECT vs. PET In SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to…

Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

…represents the average pressure within the arteries throughout a single cardiac cycle, encompassing both systole and diastole. It is a critical parameter in cardiovascular physiology…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats (VT). ECG 4 . Regular supraventricular…

…s own identity immediately before transfusion is the single most important safety measure in the entire chain. In massive haemorrhage a second problem is added…

…simple — bicarbonate and a look at the urine dipstick — but it fails routinely for one single reason: without normal potassium the urine cannot be alkalinised…

…1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low risk patient (blue) and the corresponding high risk morph (red). Beyond the difference in R wave amplitude…

…bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours…

…than used in isolation. Test Performance and Acquisition A contemporary CAC examination has several practical characteristics: Non contrast CT acquisition ECG gating A single breath…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…electrical axis represents the net vectoral sum of all active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time, approximated as a single heart vector [3]…

…diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most effective public health measure available ( Ezzati et al, Lim et al )…

…developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission…

…conditions. MPI uses radiotracers in combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow…

…shown in Figure 1 is obtained. Figure 1. Left ventricular pressure volume relationship during a single cardiac cycle. In Figure 1 we begin in diastole…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…and the appropriate action differs fundamentally between these cases. Pressures in the heart and pulmonary circulation Flow, resistance and oxygen transport Formulas Mean arterial pressure…

…That makes the test useful only if you have selected an objectively measurable finding in advance — usually ptosis or fatigable gaze palsy — that can be…

…are used above all in diabetes. The severity of the symptoms and the patient's need for help matter more than a single measured value …

Hematologi & onkologi Infektionssjukdomar Lathundar Key message Fever in a neutropenic patient is an emergency. Infection can progress rapidly, while the typical local signs of inflammation…

…A single loading dose of 60 mg. Maintenance dose : 10 mg once daily. For UA/NSTEMI patients undergoing coronary angiography within 48 hours of hospital…

…cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease in patients with established coronary or other atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiplatelet therapy is a central component because platelet…

…and may affect epigenetic regulation through changes in DNA acetylation. Lipid lowering efficacy Bempedoic acid is available as a single daily dose of 180 mg…

…Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic…

…DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be adequately inferred from changes in a single intermediate marker such as cholesterol. Dietary composition may…

…prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important in premature coronary disease…

…Rare biallelic variants in LDLRAP1, which impair LDL receptor endocytosis and produce an FH like phenotype. Individuals with a single pathogenic variant have heterozygous FH…

…It may also reduce treatment inertia, in which patients remain on an inadequate single drug regimen for prolonged periods. The evidence supports improved blood pressure…

…immediately life threatening; reported in hospital mortality was 42.4% for STEMI associated mechanical complications and 18% for those associated with NSTEMI. The timing of…

…at least in part, the nocebo effect : negative expectations, contextual cues and attribution of pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can…

…without ECG abnormalities and with or without an elevation in cardiac troponin. The underlying pathological mechanism is not restricted to a single lesion or process…

…5% of such lesions caused a clinical event during 3.4 years of follow up in a prospective study of patients with acute coronary syndrome…

…Although BLS is primarily developed for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), it can be used in any setting until advanced cardiac life support (ACLS…

…of the left ventricle, as illustrated in Figure 1. One obvious disadvantage of M mode is that it only displays a single ultrasound line. Moreover…

…course, not on a single eGFR. Step 1: confirm the course and assess severity Establish the baseline Look for previous creatinine values in the record…

…have to meet every criterion in a column. Clinical deterioration or a poor response to treatment carries more weight than a single apparently reassuring measurement…

…01 ml/kg. The maximum single dose is 0.5 mg, corresponding to 0.5 ml. Adults are usually given 0.5 mg. In a

…to three times daily Pivmecillinam Dosed independently of renal function for a single course of treatment Trimethoprim 160 mg twice daily 160 mg twice daily…

…A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain does not exclude an infarction in the…

…atria begin to contract again. An unsynchronised shock that happens to fall in the T wave can precipitate ventricular fibrillation, and cardioversion of fibrillation of…

…are taken from the recommendations of Strama Stockholm for the empirical antibiotic treatment of adults in hospital and in residential care homes (SÄBO) 2025/2026…

…it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous prescribing decision on a ward…

…Proceed in parallel to definitive control of the bleeding. Activate the protocol in Activation must be based on an overall assessment, not on a single…

…four parallel components: supportive treatment, a targeted antidote, reduced absorption and, in selected cases, enhanced elimination. For many poisonings, well delivered supportive treatment matters more…

…developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS Registry in Rochester…

…developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS Registry in Rochester…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease of the arterial wall in which lipid accumulation, vascular cell dysfunction…

…19]: Variant or Hereditary ATTR (ATTRv): Caused by autosomal dominant single nucleotide polymorphisms resulting in amino acid substitutions that destabilize the normal tetrameric TTR protein…

…symptom. It includes pain, pressure, tightness, heaviness, burning, or discomfort in the chest and may extend to the arms, shoulders, neck, jaw, upper back, abdomen…

…At an appropriate point, it is usually replaced by single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), most often aspirin. In selected patients, P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy may be used…

Cardiology Definition and classification Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart cannot deliver blood at a rate appropriate to tissue requirements…

…to apolipoprotein(a). The length of apolipoprotein(a) varies because of genetically determined differences in the number of kringle IV type 2 repeats. Lp(a)…

…the clinical value of any diagnostic test depends not only on its sensitivity and specificity but also on disease prevalence in the population being tested…

…Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding cardiovascular effects and potential drug interactions. Cannabis should also be addressed, particularly in patients…

…misunderstood, particularly in the setting of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It…

…seconds. Case reports have indicated that the risk of high degree AV block and ventricular arrhythmias is greater in patients on digoxin or verapamil, although…