Referensvärden A diagnosis of hypertension is not made on a single reading. It requires repeated measurements on at least two occasions, and preferably confirmation by…

Procedurer Edrophonium is a very short acting cholinesterase inhibitor: the effect appears within less than a minute and has gone after 5–10 minutes. That…

…inhibitor A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most…

…pressure devices, may provide less accurate MAP readings compared to invasive arterial catheterization, particularly in patients with irregular heart rhythms or low blood pressure. Additionally…

…non contrast, electrocardiographically gated computed tomography (CT) scan. Image acquisition generally requires a single breath hold and does not require intravenous access, premedication, or special…

…beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds, yogurt, seafood and plant oils. They contain less refined grain, starch, added sugar, salt, trans fat, processed meat and…

…phenotypic expression complicate risk prediction. Familial clustering may also reflect shared environmental or behavioural factors rather than a single gene disorder. This distinction is important…

…angina that has become more frequent, more prolonged, or provoked by less exertion. Angina occurring after a recent myocardial infarction. UA belongs to the broader…

…to diastolic function. High compliance is desirable and means that the ventricle is capable of filling rapidly while operating at low end diastolic pressure. EDV …

…part of the initial stroke assessment [1]. Treat immediately when there are symptoms and a low glucose. Do not wait for the venous laboratory result…

…rationale Bempedoic acid is an oral, small molecule lipid lowering agent used to reduce low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C), particularly when statins cannot be…

…Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterized by persistently elevated plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL C) from early life and a consequent excess…

…with myocardial infarction and aortic valve stenosis; associations are less pronounced with peripheral arterial disease and heart failure, and weakest with ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular…

…high risk plaques may exist throughout the coronary tree, while inflammation and thrombotic susceptibility are often systemic rather than confined to a single lesion. Consequently…

…targeted temperature management, etc.) and are much less effective in terms of the number needed to treat (NNT). The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) is…

…gives the higher stage. A patient can thus be stage 3 by urine output despite a less marked rise in creatinine. Limitations of creatinine and…

…International thresholds vary somewhat, but a PEF of 50 percent or less together with marked symptoms indicates a severe attack, while a PEF below 33…

…useful probability thresholds: Very low probability: less than 5% in the European guideline framework. Diagnostic testing should generally be deferred. Low probability: up to 15…

…the setting of ischemia. Normal T wave inversion An isolated (single) T wave inversion in lead V1 is common and normal. It is generally concordant…

Procedurer The single most important step in any eye injury is to measure and document the visual acuity before anything else is done. The second…

Procedurer The laryngeal mask is the single most important tool when intubation fails, since it restores oxygenation without requiring a view down into the larynx…

Cardiology SPECT vs. PET In SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography), radiotracers emit gamma photons directly. These gamma rays are detected by gamma cameras to…

…Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and Clinical Purpose Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) is…

…acute hypertension mediated organ damage or not? A single blood pressure value does not define a hypertensive emergency. Even a blood pressure above 220/120…

…ECG 2 . Spontaneous termination of ventricular tachycardia (VT). ECG 3 . A single ventricular beat, followed by a three ventricular beats (VT). ECG 4 . Regular supraventricular…

…the bedside. The check against the patient's own identity immediately before transfusion is the single most important safety measure in the entire chain. In…

…simple — bicarbonate and a look at the urine dipstick — but it fails routinely for one single reason: without normal potassium the urine cannot be alkalinised…

…Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 ). Representative single beat morphs for a low…

…bioavailability ranging from 25% to 65% and minimal hepatic first pass extraction. Following a single oral dose, plasma concentrations peak within 3 to 6 hours…

…acute HMOD, although other guidance emphasizes that no single BP threshold is diagnostically sufficient: the presence of ongoing acute organ injury is decisive. The pathophysiology…

…active electrical wavefronts at any given point in time, approximated as a single heart vector [3]. The orientation and intensity of this vector fluctuate throughout…

…diagnosing hypertension and the effectiveness of antihypertensive treatments, targeting hypertension is the single most effective public health measure available ( Ezzati et al, Lim et al )…

…magnetic resonance (CMR), cardiac computed tomography (CT), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission computed tomography (PET) and coronary angiography. These modalities aim to…

…conditions. MPI uses radiotracers in combination with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) to assess myocardial perfusion and blood flow…

…triggers it [1,2]. The single most important practical rule is: Continuous acute dizziness with spontaneous nystagmus: consider HINTS plus, but only if the examiner…

…hypertension Pulse pressure 40–60 mmHg A narrow pulse pressure suggests a low stroke volume Capillary refill < 3 s A simple and validated marker…

…immunotherapies may require separate local protocols. Definition Criterion Practical definition : : Fever A single temperature of at least 38.3 degrees, or at least 38.0…

…liver function classified as Child Pugh Class C. Dosage Adults Initial dose : A single loading dose of 60 mg. Maintenance dose : 10 mg once daily…

…inhibitor produces dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), while treatment with one antiplatelet drug constitutes single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT). The benefit of antiplatelet therapy must always be…

…Moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (CKD) Hypertension mediated organ damage (HMOD) Probable or definite familial hypercholesterolaemia Other markedly abnormal single risk factors or genetic…

…more than one pathophysiological pathway, combinations generally lower blood pressure more effectively than simply increasing the dose of a single drug. They may also permit…

…Absence of an adequate collateral circulation. A first or anterior infarction. Single vessel disease without collateral support. Chronic kidney disease, particularly in relation to VSR…

…pre existing symptoms to the medication. No single diagnostic test can distinguish a pharmacological SAMS effect from a nocebo response. Predisposing factors The likelihood of…

…shown in Table 1, BLS is an exceptionally effective treatment, with a very low number needed to treat (NNT), indicating high effectiveness. Although BLS is…

…line over time (the x axis displays time). Since M mode only analyzes a single ultrasound line, its temporal and axial resolution is very high…

…01 mg/kg, corresponding to 0.01 ml/kg. The maximum single dose is 0.5 mg, corresponding to 0.5 ml. Adults are usually…

…to three times daily Pivmecillinam Dosed independently of renal function for a single course of treatment Trimethoprim 160 mg twice daily 160 mg twice daily…

…by an inexperienced examiner it is unreliable. A single central feature is enough to proceed with urgent investigation , and a normal CT of the brain…

…Atrial flutter, which often converts at low energy and is difficult to terminate pharmacologically. Ectopic atrial tachycardia or SVT that has not been terminated by…

…including oral step down or gentamicin 4.5 mg/kg IV as a single dose Urosepsis with complicating factors cefotaxime 1 g × 3 IV 10…

…the bleeding. Activate the protocol in Activation must be based on an overall assessment, not on a single threshold value. The combination of physiology, rate…

…Remove contaminated clothing and wash the skin after external exposure A low Glasgow Coma Scale is not on its own an absolute indication for intubation…

…This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS…

…This model was developed using a single center longitudinal cohort and subsequently validated with an independent cohort of 1,689 patients from the International LQTS…

…risk plaques may coexist within one coronary tree, and inflammatory activity may be widespread rather than confined to a single lesion. Plaque composition is heterogeneous…

…in their mid 60s or older [10]. Physical examination may reveal a normal or low pulse pressure, an elevated jugular venous pressure with a paradoxical…

…20%. Other life threatening cardiopulmonary conditions account for approximately 5% of presentations in some populations. Despite this relatively low prevalence, missed myocardial infarction remains consequential…

…DAPT is generally a temporary strategy. At an appropriate point, it is usually replaced by single antiplatelet therapy (SAPT), most often aspirin. In selected patients…

…exertional breathlessness and reduced exercise capacity. Multiorgan and comorbidity driven disease HFpEF is heterogeneous rather than a single pathophysiologic entity. Hypertension and diabetes contribute to…

…cessation or treatment monitoring. Single question screening can identify unhealthy drug use requiring counselling regarding cardiovascular effects and potential drug interactions. Cannabis should also be…