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Skin biopsy — punch, shave and excision

…report. A shave biopsy of a pigmented lesion that turns out to be a melanoma can make the Breslow thickness unmeasurable and staging therefore impossible…

Lumbar puncture

…which needle is chosen, and that the tubes go to the right place. In suspected bacterial meningitis it is the time to antibiotics that saves…

Stent Thrombosis: Timing, Causes, Diagnosis, and Prevention

…used for type 1 myocardial infarction are fulfilled. The temporal relationship to stent implantation should always be specified. Coronary arterial thrombi are predominantly platelet rich…

Invasive Coronary Angiography: Indications and Vascular Access

…do not always correspond. Visual estimation of luminal narrowing may therefore be insufficient when deciding whether an intermediate lesion should be revascularized. Coronary pressure assessment…

Cryotherapy of skin lesions

…reaches the planned margin around the lesion. Start timing at that point. 7. Allow complete thawing — the thaw time should be at least as long…

Myocardial Infarction with Non-Obstructive Coronary Arteries: Causes, Work-up and Management

…MINOCA is not a definitive disease diagnosis. It is a descriptive and provisional classification that should trigger further investigation. The underlying mechanism may be coronary…

Peripheral Artery Disease: Diagnosis, Ankle–Brachial Index and Risk Management

…management should therefore address the entire arterial circulation. PAD is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, as well as limb complications. Atherosclerotic lesions generally…

Refractory Angina: Options When Standard Therapy Fails

…and its treatment options have been addressed. ANOCA/INOCA should not be labelled refractory before further diagnostic evaluation. The underlying endotype must first be defined…

Left Main Coronary Artery Disease: Revascularisation Strategy

…anterior descending and left circumflex arteries The number of additional diseased vessels Lesion morphology and technical feasibility of PCI The likely completeness of revascularisation with…

NSTEMI: Risk Stratification and Timing of the Invasive Strategy

…coronary lesion without avoidable delay. In contrast, haemodynamically stable patients without ST segment elevation after successful resuscitation from out of hospital cardiac arrest should not…

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