…a unit is selected electronically against the blood group Standard for planned transfusion in a patient without irregular red cell antibodies Serological crossmatch (MG test…

…called critical administration threshold and identifies rapid bleeding better than the retrospective definition of at least 10 units of red cells in 24 hours [5]…

Echocardiography Tissue Doppler (Tissue Velocity Imaging) Previous chapters on Doppler imaging have all focused on measurements of blood flow. However, the Doppler effect can also…

…line if the patient is unstable or frequent blood gases are needed 3 Blood grouping and cross matching. Order red cells early with ongoing major…

…on the presenting electrocardiogram (ECG) and the presence of troponin elevation, ACS are classified into unstable angina (UA), non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)…

…pool, numerous macrophages or foam cells, and a thin fibrous cap. Disruption of the cap exposes the lipid core and extracellular matrix to circulating blood…

…made is unusable, no matter how well the puncture went. Indications Unexplained cytopenia in one or more cell lines. Suspected acute leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome or…

…thawing, that a blister (sometimes a blood blister) is to be expected, that the area will be red and weeping for a week or so…

…simultaneously. If the blood flow velocity exceeds the Nyquist limit, aliasing occurs and the signal changes color (blue turns red, and red turns blue). Aliasing…

…anticoagulant? The unstable patient Immediate electrical cardioversion, without delay, in any of the following: A systolic blood pressure < 90 mmHg caused by the arrhythmia…

…processed meat and, usually, red meat. The principal evidence supported patterns are Mediterranean type and DASH style diets. Their effects are multidimensional and cannot be…

…or in the wind. Suspected corneal abrasion. A red eye where the diagnosis is not obvious. Suspected acute glaucoma (tonometry). Contraindications Absolute contraindications to instrumental…

…usually with colour coded connectors (red and black) and a stiffening stylet. A Rostock filter or an equivalent amplifier unit between the electrode and the…

…Index) gives 1 point each for age 80 years, cancer, chronic cardiac or pulmonary disease, a pulse ≥ 110/min, a systolic blood pressure < 100…

Cardiology Genetic and miscellaneous conditions Clinical Red Flags Raising Suspicion of Cardiac Amyloidosis Demographic and Clinical Context Cardiac amyloidosis should be suspected in patients older…

…death: what the new Nature study shows Low risk (blue) versus high risk (red) ECG morphs in lead aVL (adapted from Obermeyer et al 1 )…

…standing up, tilting the head backwards. A symptom free interval between attacks, with possible residual unsteadiness. No hearing loss, tinnitus or neurological deficits. In horizontal…

…QRS complex. Two artifacts are seen if both chambers are paced. The stimulation artifact is larger in unipolar pacing, as compared with bipolar pacing. The…

…propagated and reflected . Red waves represent sound waves that are generated when the vocal cords vibrate. Blue waves represent sound waves reflected by the object…

CPR Each recording presents two leads recorded simultaneously. Sex : Male Age : 43 years History : None Medications : None ECG 1 . Sinus rhythm interrupted by rapid ventricular…

…actual weight minus ideal weight). Red flags and pitfalls Creatinine is a poor measure in the frail and the elderly. A normal creatinine can conceal…

…recommended. Warfarin after individual assessment Rule of thumb for the monitoring interval: eGFR divided by 10 gives the number of months until the next check…

…which must be tapered in a controlled fashion). The management is the opposite in each case. Equivalent doses Agent Equivalent glucocorticoid dose Mineralocorticoid effect Biological…

…A low risk of hypoglycaemia; it can usually be continued Red flags and pitfalls Stopping basal insulin in type 1 diabetes. The single most dangerous…

…have no place in acute, unstable pain: the onset takes 12 to 24 hours and the offset just as long. Breakthrough dose During ongoing opioid…

…change in flow profile results in the formation of a hemisphere with several layers. Flow velocity is equal within each layer (Figure 1). Figure 1…

…complex or T wave can be seen. This is pathognomonic (unique) to ventricular fibrillation and must not be confused with any other arrhythmia. Figure 1…