…arterial disease, in whom AAA has been reported with a substantial cumulative incidence. The source material does not provide a detailed standardized physical examination protocol…

…protocols & equipment: cycle ergometer (bicycle) vs. treadmill The choice of exercise equipment and protocol depends mainly on local traditions. The treadmill and cycle ergometer (bicycle)…

…underlying pathophysiology varies widely and may involve intrinsic cardiac disease, extrinsic systemic conditions, or pharmacologic effects. Inflammatory heart disease, caused by infections (viral, bacterial, protozoal…

CPR It is commonly stated that approximately 80% of all cardiac arrests are caused by acute or chronic coronary artery disease, with the latter being…

…propelled by breakthroughs in engineering, software development, and progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiac disease. Ultrasound systems have become cheaper, more portable…

…count before insertion differ between regions and departments — follow local protocol. Severe lung disease or a contralateral pneumothorax: avoid the subclavian and jugular routes on…

…circulation and underlying disease are monitored [3]. The management of complicated withdrawal varies between regions and units. Follow the local protocol for choice of drug…

…blocker (metoprolol) First choice in most cases The IV dose is titrated slowly. Caution in acute heart failure and in obstructive airways disease Verapamil or…

…value does not exclude significant blood loss. Massive haemorrhage meeting the criteria for activation of the massive transfusion protocol. Plasma and platelets: in ongoing bleeding…

…life produces more marked suppression. Stress dosing in known adrenal insufficiency A patient with primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), secondary adrenal insufficiency or long…

…and prognosis, arrhythmia evaluation, known coronary artery disease and evaluation of treatment effect, the medication is continued — abrupt withdrawal carries a risk of rebound. The…

…where needed, coagulation expertise at the same time [1]. Activate the local major haemorrhage protocol early. Protocols improve above all the logistics, the communication and…

…Swedish medicines compendium (FASS) and the local protocol. Low molecular weight heparin is the first choice in pregnancy and an alternative in cancer associated thrombosis…

…vascular structures is limited. CCTA has become an important first line investigation for selected patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly those with stable…

…should include review of modifiable risk factors and associated disease. The supplied material does not specify a diagnostic physical examination protocol or characteristic examination findings…

… raised by anaemia, age and pregnancy Procalcitonin < 0.25 µg/L Supports a bacterial aetiology; used to guide antibiotic therapy Glucose and lipids Test…

…in ischemic events or stent thrombosis. Stable coronary disease and elective PCI For chronic coronary syndromes treated with elective PCI, the standard DAPT duration is…

…Children, pregnant women and patients with advanced renal failure, marked heart failure or circulatory shock require a specific protocol and early specialist involvement. DKA and…

…differ between Swedish regions. Always follow the local PCI and thrombolysis protocol where it specifies another approved regimen. The first 10 minutes 1. Assess airway…

…monitoring, complications and when thrombectomy should be considered. The doses and Swedish thresholds below are based on the national guideline for the management of reperfusion…

…doses and include an initial high dose phase. Follow FASS (the Swedish medicines compendium) and the local protocol. See the pulmonary embolism quick reference for…

…high risk of hypoglycaemia 8–12 mmol/L The critically ill patient in intensive care According to the local protocol Avoid tight targets in inpatients…

…the INR does not predict bleeding risk in paracentesis. Follow the local protocol Ileus with distended bowel loops Ultrasound guidance mandatory; choose another site Scars…

…first line treatment. Intravenous lorazepam and diazepam are effective, and intramuscular midazolam is particularly useful where there is no intravenous access [2,3]. Respiratory complications…

…institutional care, readmission, cognitive decline and increased mortality [3,4]. Do this first 1. Assess vital signs and level of consciousness immediately. 2. Check oxygen…

…pressure can cause serious organ damage even at lower levels, particularly in pregnancy [1,2]. Malignant hypertension is not entirely synonymous with a hypertensive emergency…

Procedurer Almost all the complications of pleural aspiration arise from two errors: the needle is placed in the wrong site, and too much is drained…

…or another strong suspicion of portal hypertension? Variceal and ulcer bleeding are managed differently from the first minute. Peptic ulcer remains the commonest cause of…

…longer routinely recommended — alkaline urine increases the precipitation of calcium phosphate. Contraindications Hypokalaemia — must be corrected first or in parallel; otherwise the treatment is ineffective…

…to acquire images in the left lateral decubitus position. This affects images obtained in apical windows (refer to Standard Transthoracic Echocardiogram: Complete Imaging Protocol). Nevertheless…