…patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access is not immediately available. Shock, severe trauma, burns or status epilepticus when…

…over the injection site. Bacteraemia or suspected septic bursitis or arthritis. A joint prosthesis in the adjacent joint. Known hypersensitivity to the preparations. Relative: Poorly…

…that pacing hurts a great deal in a conscious patient. Indications Immediate (transcutaneous) pacing in bradycardia with haemodynamic compromise — hypotension, shock, impaired consciousness, heart failure…

…of endocarditis. Endocarditis gives three typical findings on echocardiography: Vegetations. Abscesses. Prosthetic detachment. These three findings constitute the main criteria for diagnosing endocarditis. Traditionally, it…

…always weighs more heavily). A joint prosthesis: the aspiration must be performed by an orthopaedic surgeon under strictly sterile conditions. For corticosteroid injection there is…

…elbow, finger, patella, jaw or hip prosthesis. A dislocation with neurovascular compromise or skin tenting — reduce promptly, before radiography. The longer a joint remains dislocated…

…a straddle injury Relative Recent urethral or prostatic surgery — contact a urologist before attempting Relative A known urethral stricture Relative Acute prostatitis or urethritis Relative…

…whoever starts the drug is responsible for the first week. Indications A mechanical valve prosthesis — warfarin is mandatory, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are contraindicated…

…in renal failure and in old age Amiodarone In severe haemodynamic compromise where the above cannot be used It also has a rhythm control effect…

…heart disease (including complications) can cause embolisms. Left ventricular aneurysm with thrombus Cardiomyopathies Valve prosthesis Devices (pacemaker, ICD CRT) Endocarditis Cardiac tumors Atherosclerosis of the…