Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

…In the vast majority of these cases, the tamponade develops acutely or subacutely. It is uncommon for chronic pericardial effusions to cause sudden cardiac arrest…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

CPR Post resuscitation care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive…

…the 99th percentile upper reference limit (URL). The injury is considered acute if there is a documented rise and/or fall of cTn values. However…

…Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm…

…ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an unfavorable prognostic indicator, its standalone utility in…

…Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot…

…and is also applicable after acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, or cardiac surgery. The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning…

…post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced…

…In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I will emphasize on issues that are typically raised…

…post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced AKI is incompletely defined. In many cases, the renal injury probably represents acute…

…grafting (CABG). Definition and Pathophysiology From balloon angioplasty to coronary stents Balloon angioplasty was initially limited by acute vessel closure and later restenosis. Coronary stents…

…of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid…

…scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the…

…availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic…

…Frequently, overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is…

…viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory…

…injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…Serial measurements track shunt progression in chronic conditions. Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…Low dose aspirin is also preferred in patients with intracoronary stents. In acute ACS, aspirin should be administered as soon as possible in the absence…

…Consequently, true atypical flutter is considered a post hoc diagnosis, confirmed only after the circuit has been fully outlined and dependence on the CTI has…

…especially when associated with chylomicronaemia, has a well established observational association with acute pancreatitis. No clinical trial has definitively established that pharmacological triglyceride reduction prevents…

…the treated segment. The clinical implications range from asymptomatic angiographic disease to chronic coronary syndrome (CCS), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction, and repeat target…

…concentrations despite comparable or greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification rather than a simple clearance…

…phenothiazine, phenytoin, carbamazepine), and various chemotherapeutic agents. In the acute setting, bradyarrhythmic cardiac arrest or asystole may result from reversible systemic insults, including hypovolemia, hypoxia…

…combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase, endocardial inflammation and impaired regional contraction create conditions that favour…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…T wave inversions, without simultaneous ST segment deviation, indicate acute (ongoing) myocardial ischemia. T wave inversions without simultaneous ST segment deviation are not ischemic! However…

…Williams classification (Table 1). Agents in bold text are commonly used to prevent or treat acute and subacute ventricular arrhythmias. The Singh Vaughan Williams classification…

…Often, a rise in ETCO 2 is observed before a detectable pulse post ROSC. If ETCO 2 remains below 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg) during…

…lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected…

…cases of fatal myocardial infarction were examined. The authors reported that 60–70% of all cases had no myocardial disease or acute coronary syndrome. Indeed…

…2021; 385:516 525 Indications Severe left ventricular failure, acute or chronic. Severe biventricular failure, acute or chronic. Severe left ventricular failure post myocardial infar

…Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic…

…coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by…

…and blood flow has been restored. This assessment is performed daily in the catheterization laboratory in patients undergoing acute PCI. The PCI operator may use…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, the landscape of VT management has undergone a profound paradigm shift. Driven by…

…electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the management of BrS has been fraught with controversies…

…is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades. Furthermore, early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes (STEMI…

…pneumococci cause acute endocarditis. Other microorganisms, generally, cause subacute endocarditis. Endocarditis can affect native (own) valves and valve prostheses. As always, foreign materials pose a…

…It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery…

…no absolute contraindications. Refrain or modify in: Deep vein thrombosis in the leg — cuff compression should be avoided in the acute phase. A leg that…

…emergency even at a lower temperature. Suspect neutropenia in anyone who has received cytotoxic chemotherapy in the past three weeks, even before a blood count…

…backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the…

…Diagnostic criteria for acute myocardial infarction A diagnosis of myocardial infarction is based on the following three components: Cardiac troponins – Elevation of cardiac troponins in…

…and the SWEDEHEART registries, demonstrate that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF…

…to detect such dynamics. ST segment elevations with concave ST segment Concave ST segment elevations pose a diagnostic challenge (Figure 1 B). Such ST segment…