…pericarditis containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Important distinction from subacute cardiac rupture A post AMI pericardial effusion is not automatically attributable to Dressler syndrome. A pericardial effusion…

…Draining the pericardium, therefore, takes precedence over compressions. For traumatic tamponades, thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

…hospital discharge is only 8.8%, which demonstrates that the majority of patients will not survive post resuscitation care. Among those who survive to hospitalization…

…understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion…

…fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is only administered…

…ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use…

…PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor…

…In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an unfavorable prognostic indicator, its standalone utility in…

…amputation. The decisive step is therefore not the choice of dressing but the ankle brachial index before the first bandage is applied . Indications Venous leg…

…and mortality The modern concept of rehabilitation has evolved from early post infarction physical activity programmes into a structured centre of secondary cardiovascular prevention in…

…Thus, the presence of non obstructive epicardial arteries does not exclude a coronary cause of symptoms. CCS is a clinical syndrome rather than a permanently…

…coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction. However, association is not the same as causation . A cause is something completely different. It took roughly 50 years…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…now termed BMS, reduced restenosis compared with balloon angioplasty but did not eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter…

…In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid lowering therapy may leave patients…

…scar formation Diffuse myocardial fibrosis Reversible ischemic dysfunction Chronic hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the…

…availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic…

…82.4° F), while temperatures below 24° C (75.2° F) are not compatible with signs of life (Frei et al.). When hypothermia precedes cardiac…

…such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung…

…year . The injection is therefore a tool to make rehabilitation possible, not an alternative to it. See the separate guide to joint aspiration and injection…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…Serial measurements track shunt progression in chronic conditions. Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs…

…Clinical Presentation and Symptoms The source material does not provide specific information on the clinical presentation and symptoms of the underlying conditions for which ACE…

…particularly when aspirin is contraindicated, not tolerated, or when an individualized post PCI strategy favours P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy. Clopidogrel Clopidogrel 75 mg once daily is…

…In such clinical scenarios, an atypical ECG presentation does not definitively exclude a typical flutter circuit utilizing the CTI. Atrial flutter is broadly categorized into…

…resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral therapies Post transplant medications…

…most suitable imaging modality for detecting neoatherosclerosis, although its resolution does not consistently permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why…

…hyperdynamic states In cardiac amyloidosis, BNP or NT proBNP may be markedly elevated even when overt congestion is not apparent. Such a discrepancy should prompt…

…activity (PEA). Evaluation and Physical Examination The source material does not provide specific details regarding the physical examination maneuvers for patients with bradycardia. Diagnostics Electrocardiography…

…post infarction imaging. When embolization occurs, presentation depends on the vascular territory involved and may include systemic arterial embolic manifestations. The source material does not…

…is a rise and/or fall in cTn values. An elevated cTn alone does not establish MI, because myocardial injury may occur without myocardial ischaemia…

…simultaneous ST segment deviation, indicate acute (ongoing) myocardial ischemia. T wave inversions without simultaneous ST segment deviation are not ischemic! However, T wave inversions that…

…a sudden heart rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with…

…circulation (ROSC). Prognostication. Potential reasons for a flat ETCO2 curve include: Ventilator or capnograph not activated. Displacement of the tracheal tube. Cardiac arrest without adequate…

…can potentially be reversed if interventions are promptly instituted. In scenarios where an antidote is not available, it is essential to provide supportive care and…

…arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the majority of all…

…without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not affected by the concurrent use of beta blockers. The vasodilating effect reduces preload…

…to separate pericarditis from ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This may not always be simple, because both conditions bring about severe chest pain and ST…

…coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by…

…reperfusion than angiography itself. Studies have shown that angiographic blood flow does not always correlate with myocardial perfusion on the microvascular level. This is presumably…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, the landscape of VT management has undergone a profound paradigm shift. Driven by…

…electrical storm and sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the management of BrS has been fraught with controversies…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…Infections are difficult to heal because the heart valves are not vascularized and therefore it is difficult for the immune system to reach the bacteria…

…It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery…

…of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than it is used — not only in claudication, but before every compression treatment…

…emergency even at a lower temperature. Suspect neutropenia in anyone who has received cytotoxic chemotherapy in the past three weeks, even before a blood count…

…not beyond the hair bearing skin. 5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…the subepidermal split. Choose the technique according to the diagnostic question, not according to what is quickest. Indications Suspected malignancy: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell…

…by the fact that there is no (or very little) turnover of myocardial cells and therefore myocardial troponins should not be detected in the blood…

…mmHg during exercise [4] . This hemodynamic criterion underscores that "preserved" ejection fraction does not equate to normal cardiac function, but rather to a state where…

…European guidelines. However, a concave ST segment does not rule out ischemia, it merely reduces the probability of ischemia as the underlying cause. Concave ST…