Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

…complicated by constriction, symptoms and signs of right sided heart failure may predominate. Pericardial effusions associated with post infarction pericarditis are commonly mild. A rapidly…

CPR Post resuscitation care Victims of out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) who achieve ROSC in the emergency room (ER) are transferred to the intensive…

…cardiac conditions (such as renal failure). To establish a diagnosis of MI, acute myocardial injury must be coupled with clinical evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia…

…conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post…

…medicine, widely utilized for the management of hypertension, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care…

…medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel…

…reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an unfavorable prognostic indicator, its standalone utility in guiding decisions, such as termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation…

…0.5 or toe pressure < 30 mmHg. Decompensated heart failure — compression of both legs acutely increases preload. Untreated deep vein thrombosis in the acute…

…The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning Activity related anxiety Depression or psychological distress Loss of confidence in resuming normal activity…

…obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient…

…in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al, NEJM, 2014). In this post I would like…

…requiring dialysis is uncommon except in the presence of substantial pre existing CKD, particularly when congestive heart failure or other causes of ischaemic AKI coexist…

…of antiplatelet therapy, particularly in the perioperative period, may increase risk. The risk is greatest relatively soon after implantation and declines over time. Evolution of…

…regardless of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of…

…hypoperfusion with hibernating myocardium Post ischemic stunning Adverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling Ischemic cardiomyopathy is the leading cause of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction…

…blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due…

…overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is crucial…

…Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium. Source. Rapid diagnosis of cardiac tamponade…

…effusion. Renal failure, hypothyroidism, and hypercholesterolemia. Dressler syndrome. Iatrogenic damage to the pericardium. Irradiation. Trauma. The most common cause of pericardial effusion is pericarditis. Because…

…injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare…

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or failure to thrive. Limitations and Considerations Technical Challenges : Poor acoustic windows…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…be used instead of aspirin for long term secondary prevention, particularly when aspirin is contraindicated, not tolerated, or when an individualized post PCI strategy favours…

…most likely mechanism underlying typical atrial flutter is reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right…

…virological failure if it risks loss of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific symptoms or physical manifestations of HTG…

…risk of restenosis after metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual…

…greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification rather than a simple clearance effect. Treatment also affects…

…over devices that require post completion processing. If symptoms remain elusive and extended monitoring exceeding 3 weeks is necessary, an implantable loop recorder is essential…

…or LV remodeling, including heart failure, ventricular arrhythmias, or recurrent ischemic symptoms. These manifestations do not by themselves establish the presence of thrombus. Evaluation and…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…waves my occur when post ischemic T wave inversions are present. T wave inversions may actually become chronic after myocardial infarction. Normalization of T wave

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…recorded CO 2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5…

…However, in cases of iron, lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal…

…Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care…

…Levosimendan alleviates heart failure symptoms, increases cardiac output, and lowers pulmonary artery pressure without increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. The inotropic effect of levosimendan is not…

…infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis…

…independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires pressure wire + vasodilator (cost, time, patient discomfort); falsely normal in microvascular dysfunction (diabetes, LVH, aortic stenosis, post…

…more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4–6 hours after an episode of ischemia/infarction, but no later…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography…

…disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population…

…incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart failure…

…incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart failure…

…of morbidity in patients with structural heart disease, VT necessitates a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, the landscape of…

…risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, the prognostic utility of electrophysiological studies (EPS), and the transition from a purely device based management strategy (implantable cardioverter defibrillators…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…disease of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids…

…brachial index (TBI). The digital arteries rarely calcify, which makes toe pressure the method of choice in diabetes and renal failure. A normal TBI is ≥

…in the past three weeks, even before a blood count is available. The nadir often occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy…

…5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should…

Procedurer In acute circulatory failure it is not the number of cannulae that matters but the flow per unit time . A large bore, short cannula…

…ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the…

…NSTEMI and a corresponding decrease in unstable angina in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified as unstable angina…

…Guidelines Heart Failure (GWTG HF) and the SWEDEHEART registries, demonstrate that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past two…

…ST segment does not rule out ischemia, it merely reduces the probability of ischemia as the underlying cause. Concave ST segment elevations are very common…