…transferred to such centers. Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) Post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) emerges after ROSC or initiation of ECMO. The syndrome was first…

…or cardiac surgery. The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning Activity related anxiety Depression or psychological distress Loss of confidence in…

…neurological function upon discharge. Figure 1 . Expected cardiopulmonary function and alertness in decreasing body temperature according to HOPE (Hypothermia Outcome Prediction after Extracorporeal Life Support…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an unfavorable prognostic indicator, its standalone utility in guiding decisions, such as termination of cardiopulmonary resuscitation…

…superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push it out. 6…

…Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST elevation myocardial…

…post traumatic pericarditis, including cases related to cardiovascular interventions. Dressler syndrome now occurs in fewer than 1% of AMI cases and is seen predominantly after…

…procedure, occurring within 48 hours after PCI or CABG. While the procedure itself provides the clinical context, the diagnosis requires evidence of new myocardial ischaemia…

…conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post…

…and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use is limited by specific adverse effects. Most of these adverse…

…events after coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low…

…70% of all leg ulcers. Chronic venous oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, stasis dermatitis. Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post…

…obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient…

…posts that are skeptical of everything surrounding these topics. In the UK it was estimated that around 200.000 individuals stopped taking their statins after…

…not be causal. Renal dysfunction after PCI may reflect contrast associated injury, haemodynamic instability, cholesterol embolisation, or a combination of these mechanisms. Contrast volume Contrast…

…of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), which could be as brief as 4–6 weeks. This made BMS attractive in patients requiring urgent non cardiac surgery…

…without other lipid lowering treatment. The durability of the response is central to its clinical use. After the initial treatment phase, administration is required only…

…Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can occur rapidly after reperfusion…

…blood pressure and oximetry monitoring, availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due…

…Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium. Source. Rapid diagnosis of cardiac tamponade…

…due to the swinging back and forth of the heart in the pericardial space. Note that tachycardia, pulmonary embolism and ischemia may also cause electrical…

…injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare…

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…Post Intervention Monitoring : Assess residual shunts after device closure or surgery. Differentiating Pathologies : Helps differentiate cardiac vs. non cardiac causes of symptoms like dyspnea or…

…basis Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction (MI) encompasses long term interventions intended to reduce recurrent infarction, ischaemic stroke, cardiovascular death, and progression of atherosclerotic disease…

…true atypical flutter is considered a post hoc diagnosis, confirmed only after the circuit has been fully outlined and dependence on the CTI has been…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…risk of restenosis after metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual…

…greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification rather than a simple clearance effect. Treatment also affects…

…In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction system occurs more often than sinus node involvement, and atrioventricular block (AVB) may indicate septal…

…embolic manifestations. The source material does not provide a detailed catalogue of specific embolic syndromes. Clinical suspicion should be heightened after: Anterior STEMI. A large…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…waves my occur when post ischemic T wave inversions are present. T wave inversions may actually become chronic after myocardial infarction. Normalization of T wave

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…recorded CO 2 partial pressure just before the next inspiration. Phase 0 : Indicates the beginning of the next inspiration. Normal ETCO 2 : 38 mmHg (5…

…However, in cases of iron, lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal…

…excerpt from the article follows: [...] Of every 10 such victims, the heart in 6 or 7 showed no recent disease in coronary arteries or in…

…48 hours after the infusion has been completed. Furthermore, the blood pressure lowering effect persists for a duration of 3 to 4 days post infusion…

…infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis…

…discussion of each index follows in Section 2, and a guideline oriented comparison (procedural requirements, validated cutoffs, current guideline recommendation class) appears in Section 6…

…more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4–6 hours after an episode of ischemia/infarction, but no later…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

…E wave velocity is between 0.6 and 0.8 m/s and it occurs approximately 100 ms after the start of the E wave…

…myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography…

…disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population…

…the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart…

…the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of heart…

…by dense collagenous scar, interspersed with surviving bundles of myocytes that form the slow conducting isthmuses critical for re entry [6] . Non ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy…

…the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the cardiac voltage gated sodium channel (Nav1.5) [6] . Loss of function (LOF) mutations in SCN5A lead to…

…that can trigger or sustain arrhythmias, such as necrotic tissue after myocardial infarction (refer to Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias). It is often difficult to clarify…

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…disease of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids…

…diabetes of 10 years' duration, or in diabetes with age 50 years. Risk assessment in known coronary or cerebrovascular disease. Follow up after vascular surgery…

…in the past three weeks, even before a blood count is available. The nadir often occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy…

…a large bore cannula in a suitable vein). Standby access in a patient at risk of rapid deterioration. Intraosseous access: Cardiac arrest where venous access…

…ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the…

…NSTEMI and a corresponding decrease in unstable angina in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified as unstable angina…

…that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise steeply [6] …

…ST segment does not rule out ischemia, it merely reduces the probability of ischemia as the underlying cause. Concave ST segment elevations are very common…