…compressions. For traumatic tamponades, thoracotomy remains the primary therapeutic intervention. Ideally, it should be performed within 15 minutes of the onset of collapse. Pericardiocentesis , performed…

…requiring termination earlier due to hemodynamic collapse [4] . Sustained VT is a medical emergency that universally warrants acute intervention and long term secondary prevention strategies…

…Pharmacology & dosing Definition and therapeutic rationale Inclisiran is a liver directed small interfering RNA (siRNA) designed to reduce production of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type…

…lacking; the diagnosis is suspected when alternative etiologies are excluded by diagnostic testing or failed therapeutic trials. If alternative causes of cough are suspected, specific…

…effect persists for a duration of 3 to 4 days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2 Infusion of levosimendan can be repeated at…

Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

Cardiology Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction pericarditis encompasses two temporally and clinically distinct complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI): Early infarct…

…depends on the system of care and patient status. The absolute majority of patients should be managed in the ICU. Post resuscitation care requires expertise…

…of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion of…

…conversion of recent onset atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm. Vernakalant is used in the following settings: Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post…

…medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel…

…function. In the context of cardiac arrest and the post resuscitation period, assessment of the PLR has long been considered for its prognostic implications. Clinicians…

…70% of all leg ulcers. Chronic venous oedema, lipodermatosclerosis, stasis dermatitis. Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post…

…The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning Activity related anxiety Depression or psychological distress Loss of confidence in resuming normal activity…

…obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient…

…in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al, NEJM, 2014). In this post I would like…

…that of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast…

…post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components and mechanisms of DES A conventional durable polymer DES consists of…

…This functional definition encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction…

…protocols. Note that while cardioversion restores sinus rhythm in up to 95% of patients, long term maintenance (particularly in persistent AF) remains the greater challenge.

…signs of life <24 °C Actions in accidental hypothermia with cardiac arrest or cardiopulmonary depression Use HOPE Score to assess the prognosis. A long no…

…bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions…

…injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post injection flare…

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…4. Pulmonary Valve Velocity Time Integral (PV VTI) Optimal View : Short axis (SAX) view of the aortic arch, visualizing the pulmonary valve in long axis…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…be used instead of aspirin for long term secondary prevention, particularly when aspirin is contraindicated, not tolerated, or when an individualized post PCI strategy favours…

…most likely mechanism underlying typical atrial flutter is reentry. In the common form of typical atrial flutter, the reentrant circuit is confined to the right…

Cardiology Endocrinology & metabolism Definition and pathophysiology Hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) is defined by an increased concentration of circulating triglycerides. Both fasting and non fasting measurements provide prognostic…

…by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length Diabetes Untreated edge dissection DES…

…greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification rather than a simple clearance effect. Treatment also affects…

…In these conditions, involvement of the AVN and the conduction system occurs more often than sinus node involvement, and atrioventricular block (AVB) may indicate septal…

…and reduced LV systolic function. The principal mechanisms are the combination of an abnormal thrombogenic endocardial surface and blood stasis. During the acute infarction phase…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…waves my occur when post ischemic T wave inversions are present. T wave inversions may actually become chronic after myocardial infarction. Normalization of T wave

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…integrated view of ventilation , metabolism , and perfusion . Carbon dioxide, a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, is transported from the tissues back to the lungs where it…

…However, in cases of iron, lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal…

…Optimal management of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care…

…infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis). Symptoms of acute pericarditis…

…independent of resting hemodynamics; guideline reference standard. Requires pressure wire + vasodilator (cost, time, patient discomfort); falsely normal in microvascular dysfunction (diabetes, LVH, aortic stenosis, post…

…more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions emerge at the earliest 4–6 hours after an episode of ischemia/infarction, but no later…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography…

…disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population…

…the management of heart failure. In 2014 the PARADIGM HF study introduced a new drug class, the ARNI (Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibitors), a long awaited breakthrough…

…the management of heart failure. In 2014 the PARADIGM HF study introduced a new drug class, the ARNI (Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibitors), a long awaited breakthrough…

…the past three decades, the management of BrS has been fraught with controversies, particularly regarding the risk stratification of asymptomatic patients, the prognostic utility of…

…The discrepancy between traditional figures and recent studies is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades…

…foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18% show significant…

…disease of the arteries. It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids…

Procedurer The ankle brachial index is the cheapest and most accessible method of objectively demonstrating peripheral arterial disease, and it is needed more often than…

…in the past three weeks, even before a blood count is available. The nadir often occurs 7 to 14 days after a course of chemotherapy…

…5. Direct the jet upwards and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should…

…cannula in a large vein gives many times the flow of a fine needle, and collapsed veins mean that the fine needle is in addition…

…ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the…

…NSTEMI and a corresponding decrease in unstable angina in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified as unstable angina…

…demonstrate that while the incidence of HFrEF has stabilized or slightly declined over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise steeply…

…ST segment does not rule out ischemia, it merely reduces the probability of ischemia as the underlying cause. Concave ST segment elevations are very common…