…Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first days after ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The…

…to cardiac tamponade or indicate another post AMI complication, including subacute rupture. Evaluation and physical examination The diagnosis of pericarditis is clinical and is supported…

…not survive post resuscitation care. Among those who survive to hospitalization, 50 65% die within 24 hours ( Soar et al ). The causes of death among…

…Definition and Pathophysiology The conceptual understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th…

…A defibrillator should be immediately available as a precaution. Dosage of vernakalant Vernakalant is dosed by body weight, with the maximum dose based upon 113…

…such as decreases in blood pressure and mild azotemia. However, two distinct side effects—nonproductive cough and angioedema—are specifically related to the potentiation of…

…medical management. The standard post ACS regimen is DAPT for 12 months, generally consisting of low dose aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor, preferentially prasugrel…

…and the post resuscitation period, assessment of the PLR has long been considered for its prognostic implications. Clinicians often check pupil size and reactivity as…

…closer monitoring — the patient cannot feel pressure injury Peripheral neuropathy of other cause As above Severe pain Titrate the pressure up gradually Rheumatoid arthritis with…

…The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning Activity related anxiety Depression or psychological distress Loss of confidence in resuming normal activity…

…post ACS or post revascularization states, and heart failure of ischaemic or cardiometabolic origin. Major clinical presentations The principal outpatient presentations include: Reproducible stress induced…

…advances in the management of coronary artery disease, as demonstrated in the figure below (from Nabel et al, NEJM, 2014). In this post I would…

…difficult. In patients with normal renal function, the occurrence of contrast induced AKI is negligible or very low. Risk rises substantially with chronic kidney disease…

…eliminate it. Angiographic restenosis—defined in the source material as follow up diameter stenosis greater than 50%—occurred in 20–30% of patients, while clinically…

…although the clinical importance of improved adherence remains dependent on sustained follow up and administration. Clinical indications and place in therapy Inclisiran has been approved…

…encompasses several physiological states. Brief coronary occlusion or relatively prolonged moderate ischemia may produce post ischemic stunning. In the absence of infarction, contractile recovery can…

…antero lateral) does not affect success, but active compression of the pads lowers defibrillation thresholds and improves success, and maximum fixed energy shocks outperform low…

…extended no flow periods, in cases of unwitnessed cardiac arrests, as well as if the initial rhythm was asystole (Podsiadlo et al.). Assess life signs…

…to the mediastinum can cause tamponade. Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the pericardium…

…Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung cancer). Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis…

…that the injection has gone to the right place — immediate pain relief is a diagnostic finding — and appears to reduce the risk of a post…

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract (LVOT) Diameter Optimal View : Mid transgastric left ventricular short axis (LVSAX) view. Method : Zoom to maximize LVOT visibility. Freeze the…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…administered as soon as possible in the absence of contraindications, using a loading dose followed by maintenance treatment. The source material does not specify the…

…When the direction of the reentrant circuit is reversed, propagating in a clockwise direction, it results in a distinct ECG pattern designated as typical reverse…

…of suppression. Clinical presentation and symptoms The source material does not describe specific symptoms or physical manifestations of HTG. Moderate HTG is primarily discussed as…

…permit identification of foamy macrophages. The occurrence of neoatherosclerosis helps explain why ISR and other stent related events may arise well after the initial intervention…

…90 minutes for NT proBNP. Consequently, plasma concentrations of the two peptides are not interchangeable. Natriuretic peptide concentrations reflect haemodynamic stress, but their release is…

…populations, such as asymptomatic patients with pre excitation who have high risk occupations or participate in competitive athletics. In the context of Brugada syndrome (BrS)…

…Ongoing or newly recognized LV systolic dysfunction. A patient may also present because of complications of the underlying infarction or LV remodeling, including heart failure…

…haemorrhage into the plaque. The diagnosis is supported by the general criteria for acute MI together with evidence of acute coronary atherothrombosis. Post mortem demonstr

…explained by the fact that T wave inversions do occur after an ischemic episode, and these T wave inversions are referred to as post ischemic…

…rate decrease (e.g due to sinus pause or post VPC pause) results in augmentation of early afterdpolarization amplitude (typically seen with large T wave…

…ECMO) initiation ( Soar et al ). ETCO 2 trends can vary during CPR depending on various factors such as the cause of cardiac arrest, compression efficacy…

…primarily due to the misuse of prescription medications and illicit substances. Currently, opioid overdose stands as a predominant etiological factor for cardiac arrest within this…

…of sudden cardiac arrest requires comprehensive efforts and resources, ranging from continuously training laymen in the community to establishing advanced post resuscitation care. Since the…

…days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2 Infusion of levosimendan can be repeated at 2 6 weeks intervals, or more frequently, as individually…

…may cause elevated troponin levels (myocardial cells may die as a result of inflammation). Note two differences regarding the clinical presentation of STEMI and acute

…for the hemodynamic significance of a coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three…

…As evident, such ST segment elevations are succeeded by gradual inversion of the T waves. These T waves are called post ischemic T waves and…

…as detection of T waves and R waves. It is essential that T waves and R waves are clearly visible, since these waves trigger the…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

…myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods includes echocardiography…

…disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades. This has resulted in an increased prevalence of congenital heart disease in the general population…

…While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of…

…While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the incidence of…

…asymptomatic, NSVT serves as a critical marker of arrhythmogenic risk, particularly in the setting of ischemic heart disease or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)…

…SCA) as the index presentation. Over the past three decades, the management of BrS has been fraught with controversies, particularly regarding the risk stratification of…

…through the heart. Asphyxia Asphyxia as a result of external causes, for example foreign body, hanging or strangulation. Drug overdose Intentional or accidental overdose of…

…As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18…

…risk of destabilization of the plaque. Atherosclerotic plaques are vulnerable and may disrupt, which may ultimately lead to death ( Stone, Libby et al. ). As the…

…and as a risk marker in diabetes and known atherosclerotic disease. An ABI ≤ 0.90 is diagnostic of peripheral arterial disease and at the same…

…must be managed as an emergency even at a lower temperature. Suspect neutropenia in anyone who has received cytotoxic chemotherapy in the past three weeks…

…and backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and…

…of the hand is suitable for finer cannulae. Avoid the lower limb in adults. In shock with collapsed vessels, the antecubital fossa or the external…

…A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the site before the…

…in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified as unstable angina are now classified as NSTEMI due to the…

…over the past two decades, the incidence of HFpEF continues to rise steeply [6] . This epidemiological shift is primarily driven by the aging of the…

…three explanations as to why reciprocal ST segment depressions may be absent: There is no ECG lead with the opposite angle of observation. The injury…