Echocardiography Myocardial ischemia and infarction Definition and pathophysiology Post infarction mechanical complications are structural disruptions of acutely infarcted myocardium occurring most often during the first…

…pericarditis containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Important distinction from subacute cardiac rupture A post AMI pericardial effusion is not automatically attributable to Dressler syndrome. A pericardial effusion…

…cardiac arrest. Post resuscitation care is an integral component of the chain of survival. It includes diagnosis of post cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS), optimization of…

…understanding of myocardial infarction (MI) has evolved significantly over the past century. Initial post mortem observations in the late 19th century first linked thrombotic occlusion…

…Non surgery patients: atrial fibrillation ≤7 days duration. Post cardiac surgery: atrial fibrillation ≤3 days duration. Vernakalant does not convert atrial flutter to sinus rhythm…

…ischemic heart disease, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), and post myocardial infarction (MI) care. Despite their proven morbidity and mortality benefits, their use…

…denotes treatment with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor. In the setting of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), DAPT is used to reduce recurrent myocardial infarction…

…In summary, while the absence of a pupillary reflex upon hospital admission post cardiac arrest serves as an unfavorable prognostic indicator, its standalone utility in…

…Prevention of recurrence after a healed venous ulcer. After deep vein thrombosis with post thrombotic syndrome. Differential diagnosis Feature Venous ulcer Arterial ulcer Diabetic foot…

…and is also applicable after acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, or cardiac surgery. The post infarction patient may experience: Reduced exercise tolerance Physical deconditioning…

…syndrome (ACS). Clinical manifestations may therefore change over time, including transitions between stable angina, angina or ischaemia with non obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA), post…

…In this post I would like to discuss hot topics related to coronary artery disease and I will emphasize on issues that are typically raised…

…of other forms of acute tubular necrosis, although the complication remains associated with post procedural morbidity and mortality. Pathophysiology The precise mechanism of contrast induced…

…Restenosis was more likely with: Small reference vessel diameter A small post procedural lumen Substantial residual stenosis Long lesions Diabetes mellitus Untreated edge dissection Components…

…of the pharmacological route used. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the early post event period is particularly vulnerable, and delayed intensification of lipid…

…myocardial dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). The clinical syndrome may resemble primary dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly when angina or a previous myocardial infarction (MI…

…availability of atropine, isoproterenol, or transcutaneous pacing for post shock bradycardia, and use of biphasic defibrillators , which are standard due to superior efficacy over monophasic…

…Frequently, overt signs of life are absent, and the patient's coldness can mimic post mortem conditions. Therefore, a meticulous assessment of vital signs is…

…injuries to the mediastinum can cause tamponade. Post operative Complications : Post surgical complications following thoracic procedures can cause tamponade. Tamponade with swinging heart of the…

…such as viral, bacterial, and tuberculous infections. Post pericardiotomy syndrome. Acute transmural myocardial infarction. Rupture of the free ventricular wall. Neoplasms (particularly breast and lung…

…Medial epicondylitis At the flexor origin Avoid the ulnar nerve Carpal tunnel syndrome The carpal tunnel An acceptable bridge to surgery De Quervain's tenosynovitis…

…polymorphic VT) or digitalis toxicity. Torsade de pointes (TdP) Definition : Polymorphic VT that results from long QT syndrome (LQTS). TdP occurs exclusively in individuals with…

…g., large ASD/VSD). Qp/Qs < 0.7 : Significant right to left shunt (e.g., Eisenmenger syndrome). Qp/Qs ≈ 1 : Normal, no significant shunt…

…Acute Heart Failure and Early Post Discharge Management The STRONG HF trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an approach based on starting and titrating…

…not tolerated, or when an individualized post PCI strategy favours P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy. Clopidogrel Clopidogrel 75 mg once daily is an established alternative to aspirin…

…well recognized pattern can be significantly altered when atrial activation is modified by cardiac surgery involving atrial tissue, extensive prior radiofrequency ablation, advanced atrial disease…

…resistance Thyroid disease Kidney disease Excessive alcohol consumption Diets high in carbohydrate or fat Glucocorticoids Beta blockers Oestrogen therapy Some antiretroviral therapies Post transplant medications…

…metallic stent implantation is increased by: Small reference vessel size A small post procedural luminal diameter A high degree of residual stenosis Long lesion length…

…greater ventricular wall stress, probably because of suppression of natriuretic peptide production or post translational modification rather than a simple clearance effect. Treatment also affects…

…such as mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry devices, are generally preferred over devices that require post completion processing. If symptoms remain elusive and extended monitoring exceeding…

…may assist in embolic risk assessment. Clinical presentation and symptoms LV thrombus may be clinically silent and discovered during post infarction imaging. When embolization occurs…

…subarachnoid haemorrhage Takotsubo syndrome Pulmonary embolism Recent coronary revascularization Infiltrative disease, such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis Other cardiac procedures Chemotherapeutic agents Catheter ablation Critical illness…

…more) or less than 1 mm. Negative U waves my occur when post ischemic T wave inversions are present. T wave inversions may actually become…

…polymorphic VT) or digitalis toxicity. Torsade de pointes (TdP) Definition : Polymorphic VT that results from long QT syndrome (LQTS). TdP occurs exclusively in individuals with…

…Often, a rise in ETCO 2 is observed before a detectable pulse post ROSC. If ETCO 2 remains below 1.33 kPa (10 mmHg) during…

…lithium, or potassium intoxication where lavage might prove beneficial, the procedure should be conducted post intubation. Avoid lavage if gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction is suspected…

…cases of fatal myocardial infarction were examined. The authors reported that 60–70% of all cases had no myocardial disease or acute coronary syndrome. Indeed…

…been completed. Furthermore, the blood pressure lowering effect persists for a duration of 3 to 4 days post infusion, thereby providing extended therapeutic benefits. 2…

…Erythematosus (SLE) Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) Post infarction (including Dressler syndrome) Uremia Radiation to the heart Trauma Tuberculousis Neoplasms (cancer) Post cardiac surgery (hemorrhagic pericarditis)…

…coronary lesion, with anatomic and functional assessment discordant in a substantial minority of intermediate lesions. Over the past three decades, invasive physiological indices, led by…

…T waves are called post ischemic T waves and they indicate that the infarction process is more or less completed. Post ischemic T wave inversions…

Echocardiography The echocardiographic examination The use of echocardiography has increased dramatically during the past few decades. Advances in echocardiography have been propelled by breakthroughs in…

Echocardiography Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function Methods for evaluating left ventricular diastolic function have evolved considerably in the past two decades. Currently recommended…

Echocardiography Standardized myocardial segmentation for echocardiography and cardiac imaging Cardiovascular imaging modalities have developed rapidly in the past few decades. The repertoire of available methods…

…Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) and Grown Up Congenital Heart (GUCH) disease Survival in congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased dramatically over the past few decades…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…problem worldwide. While the incidence of coronary heart disease and acute myocardial infarction has been reduced by approximately 50% during the past few decades, the…

…a nuanced, multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and management. Over the past decade, the landscape of VT management has undergone a profound paradigm shift. Driven by…

…figure rises dramatically in Southeast Asia, where the condition is historically linked to Sudden Unexplained Nocturnal Death Syndrome (SUNDS) [4] . The clinical presentation is notoriously…

…is due to the dramatic decrease in the incidence of acute coronary syndromes over the past decades. Furthermore, early revascularization in acute coronary syndromes (STEMI…

…As always, foreign materials pose a high risk of infection. Approximately 20% of all endocarditis affect people with valve prostheses and among other cases 18…

…It has become increasingly clear in the past few decades that atherosclerosis is not caused by the passive deposition of lipids into the coronary artery…

…stockings. Avoid measuring the arm pressure on the side with a dialysis fistula, lymphoedema after axillary clearance or a recently inserted venous port. Procedure 1…

…emergency even at a lower temperature. Suspect neutropenia in anyone who has received cytotoxic chemotherapy in the past three weeks, even before a blood count…

…backwards along the superior wall of the ear canal , past the plug — not straight at it. The water should get behind the wax and push…

…the area. A previous intraosseous attempt in the same bone within the past 24 hours — the fluid leaks out through the old hole. Infection or…

…ferric subsulfate, electrocoagulation. A pot of 4 % formalin, and for immunofluorescence Michel's medium or saline according to local procedure. Photograph and draw in the…

…20% increase in NSTEMI and a corresponding decrease in unstable angina in the past two decades (many of those who would previously have been classified…

…terminology Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the cardinal symptoms and signs of heart failure (HF) in…

…to detect such dynamics. ST segment elevations with concave ST segment Concave ST segment elevations pose a diagnostic challenge (Figure 1 B). Such ST segment…